Unit 3 Notes Flashcards
What is the largest sector of employment?
Tertiary.
What % of GDP is in the tertiary sector?
80%.
What does the tertiary sector include?
Retail, IT services, hotels, restaurants, transport, banking.
What is the official name for growth in the tertiary sector?
Tertiarisation.
What has tertiarisation meant for manufacturing?
Improved productivity in manufacturing because of mechanisation.
What is the nature of jobs in the tertiary sector?
They’re usually less physically demanding, but more mentally draining.
What % of GDP did the tertiary sector make up in 1970?
50%.
What is gentrification?
The displacement of original working class populations to make way for a new, more affluent population.
What is the name of stage 1 of gentrification?
The early stage.
What happens during stage 1?
Hipster groups take advantage of low cost, low maintenance buildings, a new community develops, where urban pioneers and working class people co exist.
What is the name of stage 3 of gentrification?
The late stage.
What is the name of stage 2 of gentrification?
The transitional stage.
What is the case study for gentrification?
Shoreditch.
What happens in stage 3?
Reputation of area is established, wealthier residents are attracted, private sector investment is attracted, urban pioneers are forced out.
What happened during stage 3 in Shoreditch?
Highest skilled, highest paid jobs all increased. Lowest skilled, lowest paid jobs all decreased.
What happens in stage 2?
More affluent, liberal residents, visitor numbers increase, demand for property increases, working class renters are forced out.
What happened in 2015 in Shoreditch?
Anti-Gentrification protests - as local people felt disenfranchised by growing affluence of the area.
What is the background of Shoreditch?
During the 1980’s,Shoreditch had many buildings which had fallen into disrepair, due to deindustrialisation.
What happened during stage 1 in Shoreditch?
Area near Hoxton Square attracted a new community, illegal warehouse raves became common, greasy spoon cafes were found there.
What happened during stage 2 in Shoreditch?
Shoreditch became one of the trendiest places in London, House prices rose by 53% from 2005 to 2010.
When did each stage happen in Shoreditch?
1990’s - Stage 1. 2000’s - Stage 2. 2010’s - Stage 3.
What do original residents have to say about new developments?
Too expensive, eyesore, FDI funded them, area has been built up too much.
Who are the winners in stage 1 of the process?
Urban pioneers - They take advantage of low cost, low rent buildings. Residents - Benefit culturally from street art.
Who are the winners in stage 2?
Property owners - Whose value of property increases, creating more wealth. Bigger businesses - encroach on up and coming areas.
Who are the losers in stage 2?
Working class population - who rent because of rising mortgage prices.
Who are the winners in stage 3?
Developers - Who can create new housing developments. Young Professionals - create a new demographic in the area of affluent middle class.
Who are the losers in stage 3?
Urban Pioneers - They’re prices out of the area, because of a higher standard of living. Original residents - prices out of the area.
What are the examples of urban redevelopment in Birmingham?
Brindley Place, Big city plan, commonwealth games.
What did the big city plan involve?
New street station - £600 million investment. Library of Birmingham - £88 million. Southern Gateway - Low skilled jobs.
How many jobs has the big city plan created?
50,000
How did the commonwealth games help redevelopment?
£1000 grants to local schools who win a short film competition. £73 million investment in Sandwell aquatics centre
What is re-urbanisation?
The movement of people back to urban areas which have previously experienced out-migration.
What did the re-development of Brindley Place involve?
NEC - opened in 1976. ICC - opened in 1991 - £150 million investment - largest conference centre in Europe. Crescent Theatre, Utilita Arena, Symphony Hall.
Why was the space around the canal run down?
De-industrialisation.
How much was spent on the Brindley Place development?
£200 million.
How many jobs had been created by 2004?
Over 10,000.
How many new apartments were built?
243.
What percentage of jobs in Ladywood were highly skilled in 2011?
55%.
What are property prices like inside the development?
Property prices are up to 4x higher inside the development due to better building quality and new amenities.
What percentage of people have degrees inside the area, compared to the outside area?
4x the percentage, inside the area.
What was the multiplier effect around the area?
Being centred around shops and services, to being centred around conventions and entertainment. New demographic of as young, professional population.
What is an example of changing services for the demographic?
Mailbox - Luxury Shopping stores, for young professionals.
What are the other examples of gentrification in Birmingham?
Ikon Gallery, gas street.
What are the reasons central urban areas faced decline?
Retail Competition, Out of town shopping centres, CBD retail developments.
What percentage of shops were vacant before and after the financial crisis?
6% before, 14% after.
Which towns had the most disused shops as of 2011?
Hartlepool, Dudley, West Bromwich.
What other issues are facing high streets?
Brexit, Financial crisis, Austerity.
What other factors have led to high street decline?
De-industrialisation, decline in services available to the local area.
Why did de-industrialisation lead to high street decline?
Decline in employment meant people had less disposable income.
How has internet shopping contributed to the decline of the high street?
Internet retail sales have grown from 5% of total sales in 2007 to 28% in 2020.
How have out of town shopping centres contributed to high street decline?
Shopping centres found on the outskirts of urban areas where there is lots of free parking, and accessibility.
What is the case study for high street decline?
Dudley.
What is the background of Dudley?
Town in the west midlands, former industrial area, ranked last out of 500 towns in the UK based on proportion of premium outlets, proportion of low value retail stores.
Which department stores were in Dudley in the 1970’s?
Debhenams, M and S, Woolworths, Curly’s.
What was the shop vacancy rate in Dudley in 2014?
England - 14%. West Midlands - 18.9%. Dudley - 32.4%.
What are the reasons for Dudley’s decline?
Merry Hill - OOT shopping centre. Bullring - CBD retail development.
Why was Merry Hill a catalyst for Dudley’s decline?
It became an enterprise zone in the 1980’s. Over 200 stores. Food court, leisure attractions, 7000 free car parking spaces, nearly 100 buses per hour. over 20 million visitors per year.
Why is the waterfront also bad for Dudley?
600m from Merry Hill, 45,000m of office space, employs over 3,000 people.
How has the bullring contributed to Dudley’s decline?
£530 million investment, 160 shops, Selfridges in CBD.
How has the metro system contributed to Dudley’s decline?
Wolverhampton connects with Birmingham, making it easier to leave Dudley.
