Unit 1 Notes Flashcards
What does the Clarke-Fisher model show?
The changing employment structure within countries at different stages of employment
What is the Pre-Industrial phase?
The stage where the primary sector is the most important sector, and employs up to 70% of people.
What is the industrial phase?
The Primary Sector declines, and becomes second most prominent. Manufacturing increases.
What is the post-industrial phase?
Countries which have the tertiary sector as the most important sector, providing over half of employment.
Why can’t we see the UK’s Pre-industrial phase?
Census data doesn’t go back far enough.
Do all countries follow the same pattern of going through phases?
No, some may skip phases, which may not give the full picture of wealth.
Which countries tend to skip through stages of the model?
Tourist Nations
What are the reasons for decline in primary unemployment?
Depletion of resources, Cheap Imports, Mechanisation, Social change, government policy.
What are the reasons for decline in secondary employment?
Globalisation, Cheaper production in other countries, mechanisation, government policies.
How many people were employed in coal mining in the 1920’s?
1.2 Million
What happened to the cost of mining in the UK?
It became more expensive, increasing the overall cost of production.
What happened as a result of the cost of mining?
The UK became less competitive, and it became cheaper to import from elsewhere.
Where did the UK’s imported coal come from in 2012?
USA, Russia, Colombia
How many tonnes of coal were available at the peak in the UK?
160 Million
How many tonnes are available now?
60 Million
How many job losses were caused as a result of de-industrialisation?
20,000
Which areas were former mining communities?
The North of England, Scotland, Wales
What year was the miners’ strike?
1984
What were the social attitudes towards coal at the time?
It was seen as dirty, and a catalyst of effects of global warming.
Does natural gas produce more C02 than coal?
No.
Give an example of an international climate change agreement.
Kyoto agreement.
How many coal power stations are left in the UK?
10.
What percentage of people were employed in agriculture in 1841?
22%.
What percentage of people are employed in agriculture now?
1%.
What percentage of the manufacturing industry is left, compared to 1966?
30%.
What are the external Factors which cause globalisation?
Multi-National Companies, New production technology.
What are the internal factors which cause globalisation?
Loss of competitiveness, Lack of investment, HR issues.
What are the examples of MNC’S?
Apple, Microsoft, Nike, Unilever, Aldi
Why are NEE’S more advantageous than HIC’S?
Lower Labour Costs, Fewer unemployment laws, Workforce work harder, well-educated, cheaper land costs.
What are the Asian tiger economies?
Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore.
What are the advantages of Nike moving to Vietnam?
Employees receive loans to set up their own companies, People migrate to Vietnam for these jobs, Free or subsidised meals.
What has happened to output in manufacturing?
Fewer people are employed, but output has not reduced.
What has happened to manufacturing jobs between the 70’s and 80’s?
They decreased rapidly.
What happened to industrial locations in the 1980’s?
There were lots of high cost, uneconomic locations, with Obsolete machinery.
What was British industry created around?
The transport network of the time - canals and railways.
What were factories surrounded by, as time went on?
Residential developments, because of Urban Sprawl.
What is the inner city surrounded by?
The CBD, and the Suburbs.
Why is this not good for the industry?
There are complaints about noise and emissions, and no opportunity to expand.
What are the recent environmental costs of this?
Congestion Charges.
What did interest rates peak at in the 1980’s?
17%.
How long did they stay high for?
From 1972 to 1993.
What was the base rate in 2011?
0.5%.
What did high interest rates mean for businesses?
Too costly for companies to borrow money, Risk is higher, as more has to be paid back, Lower profit margins.
What does it mean when the pound is strong?
British products are more expensive, and foreign countries pay more to access our market.
What happened to the pound in the 1970’s?
The pound was strong, so more money was made from exports.
What did strong trade unions mean for the workplace?
They were militant, and went on strike regularly.
How many people did British Leyland employ?
128,000 - in 36 locations.
What did strong trade unions mean for productivity?
It was reduced.
How many vehicles did British Leyland produce per year?
1 Million.
How many times did workers strike in Longbdridge?
Over 500 in 30 months.
Which government privatised car industries?
Margaret Thatcher’s Government.
Which companies were sold?
Land rover, Jaguar, Mini.
Which companies weren’t sold?
Austin and Triumph.
What percentage of Coventry’s workforce were employed in the car industry in the 1950’s?
40%.
What happened to the old triumph site?
It is a retail park.
Which Japanese car manufacturers have entered the market since?
Honda, Nissan, Toyota.
How many employees do they have between them?
15,000.
What has happened to car manufacturing as a result of Brexit?
Cars exported to the EU are subject to an import tax.
What percentage of the UK’s exported card go to the EU?
50%.
What did Honda do in 2019?
Closed their plant in Swindon.
When was Dyson founded, and where was its’ HQ?
1993 - Malmesbury, England.
Where did Dyson originally manufacture its’ products?
Wiltshire.
Where did they move manufacturing to in 2003?
Malaysia.
How many job losses did Dyson’s manufacturing move cause?
800.
How much did production costs lower by, as a result of Dyson’s manufacturing move?
30%.
Why did production costs lower when Dyson moved?
The UK had a minimum wage which increased every year.
What happened to profit margins the following year,as a result of dyson moving?
They doubled.
What were the reasons for profit margins doubling?
Lower labour costs, Unlocking a new market.
What was the pound like in the 2000’s?
Strong.
What did the strong pound mean?
More expensive to export goods.
Where did Dyson move it’ HQ to in 2019?
Singapore.
What were Dyson’s reasons for changing the location of the HQ?
It would ensure their company is ‘future proofed.’
Where is the biggest market for Dyson Products?
Asia.
How much funding did Dyson announce for the Wiltshire Campus?
£200 Million
