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Changing Places > Unit 1 Notes > Flashcards

Unit 1 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Clarke-Fisher model show?

A

The changing employment structure within countries at different stages of employment

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2
Q

What is the Pre-Industrial phase?

A

The stage where the primary sector is the most important sector, and employs up to 70% of people.

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3
Q

What is the industrial phase?

A

The Primary Sector declines, and becomes second most prominent. Manufacturing increases.

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4
Q

What is the post-industrial phase?

A

Countries which have the tertiary sector as the most important sector, providing over half of employment.

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5
Q

Why can’t we see the UK’s Pre-industrial phase?

A

Census data doesn’t go back far enough.

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6
Q

Do all countries follow the same pattern of going through phases?

A

No, some may skip phases, which may not give the full picture of wealth.

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7
Q

Which countries tend to skip through stages of the model?

A

Tourist Nations

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8
Q

What are the reasons for decline in primary unemployment?

A

Depletion of resources, Cheap Imports, Mechanisation, Social change, government policy.

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9
Q

What are the reasons for decline in secondary employment?

A

Globalisation, Cheaper production in other countries, mechanisation, government policies.

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10
Q

How many people were employed in coal mining in the 1920’s?

A

1.2 Million

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11
Q

What happened to the cost of mining in the UK?

A

It became more expensive, increasing the overall cost of production.

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12
Q

What happened as a result of the cost of mining?

A

The UK became less competitive, and it became cheaper to import from elsewhere.

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13
Q

Where did the UK’s imported coal come from in 2012?

A

USA, Russia, Colombia

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14
Q

How many tonnes of coal were available at the peak in the UK?

A

160 Million

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15
Q

How many tonnes are available now?

A

60 Million

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16
Q

How many job losses were caused as a result of de-industrialisation?

A

20,000

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17
Q

Which areas were former mining communities?

A

The North of England, Scotland, Wales

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18
Q

What year was the miners’ strike?

A

1984

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19
Q

What were the social attitudes towards coal at the time?

A

It was seen as dirty, and a catalyst of effects of global warming.

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20
Q

Does natural gas produce more C02 than coal?

A

No.

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21
Q

Give an example of an international climate change agreement.

A

Kyoto agreement.

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22
Q

How many coal power stations are left in the UK?

A

10.

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23
Q

What percentage of people were employed in agriculture in 1841?

A

22%.

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24
Q

What percentage of people are employed in agriculture now?

A

1%.

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25
Q

What percentage of the manufacturing industry is left, compared to 1966?

A

30%.

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26
Q

What are the external Factors which cause globalisation?

A

Multi-National Companies, New production technology.

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27
Q

What are the internal factors which cause globalisation?

A

Loss of competitiveness, Lack of investment, HR issues.

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28
Q

What are the examples of MNC’S?

A

Apple, Microsoft, Nike, Unilever, Aldi

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29
Q

Why are NEE’S more advantageous than HIC’S?

A

Lower Labour Costs, Fewer unemployment laws, Workforce work harder, well-educated, cheaper land costs.

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30
Q

What are the Asian tiger economies?

A

Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore.

31
Q

What are the advantages of Nike moving to Vietnam?

A

Employees receive loans to set up their own companies, People migrate to Vietnam for these jobs, Free or subsidised meals.

32
Q

What has happened to output in manufacturing?

A

Fewer people are employed, but output has not reduced.

33
Q

What has happened to manufacturing jobs between the 70’s and 80’s?

A

They decreased rapidly.

34
Q

What happened to industrial locations in the 1980’s?

A

There were lots of high cost, uneconomic locations, with Obsolete machinery.

35
Q

What was British industry created around?

A

The transport network of the time - canals and railways.

36
Q

What were factories surrounded by, as time went on?

A

Residential developments, because of Urban Sprawl.

37
Q

What is the inner city surrounded by?

A

The CBD, and the Suburbs.

38
Q

Why is this not good for the industry?

A

There are complaints about noise and emissions, and no opportunity to expand.

39
Q

What are the recent environmental costs of this?

A

Congestion Charges.

40
Q

What did interest rates peak at in the 1980’s?

A

17%.

41
Q

How long did they stay high for?

A

From 1972 to 1993.

42
Q

What was the base rate in 2011?

A

0.5%.

43
Q

What did high interest rates mean for businesses?

A

Too costly for companies to borrow money, Risk is higher, as more has to be paid back, Lower profit margins.

44
Q

What does it mean when the pound is strong?

A

British products are more expensive, and foreign countries pay more to access our market.

45
Q

What happened to the pound in the 1970’s?

A

The pound was strong, so more money was made from exports.

46
Q

What did strong trade unions mean for the workplace?

A

They were militant, and went on strike regularly.

47
Q

How many people did British Leyland employ?

A

128,000 - in 36 locations.

47
Q

What did strong trade unions mean for productivity?

A

It was reduced.

48
Q

How many vehicles did British Leyland produce per year?

A

1 Million.

49
Q

How many times did workers strike in Longbdridge?

A

Over 500 in 30 months.

50
Q

Which government privatised car industries?

A

Margaret Thatcher’s Government.

51
Q

Which companies were sold?

A

Land rover, Jaguar, Mini.

52
Q

Which companies weren’t sold?

A

Austin and Triumph.

53
Q

What percentage of Coventry’s workforce were employed in the car industry in the 1950’s?

A

40%.

54
Q

What happened to the old triumph site?

A

It is a retail park.

55
Q

Which Japanese car manufacturers have entered the market since?

A

Honda, Nissan, Toyota.

56
Q

How many employees do they have between them?

A

15,000.

57
Q

What has happened to car manufacturing as a result of Brexit?

A

Cars exported to the EU are subject to an import tax.

58
Q

What percentage of the UK’s exported card go to the EU?

A

50%.

59
Q

What did Honda do in 2019?

A

Closed their plant in Swindon.

60
Q

When was Dyson founded, and where was its’ HQ?

A

1993 - Malmesbury, England.

61
Q

Where did Dyson originally manufacture its’ products?

A

Wiltshire.

62
Q

Where did they move manufacturing to in 2003?

A

Malaysia.

63
Q

How many job losses did Dyson’s manufacturing move cause?

A

800.

64
Q

How much did production costs lower by, as a result of Dyson’s manufacturing move?

A

30%.

65
Q

Why did production costs lower when Dyson moved?

A

The UK had a minimum wage which increased every year.

66
Q

What happened to profit margins the following year,as a result of dyson moving?

A

They doubled.

67
Q

What were the reasons for profit margins doubling?

A

Lower labour costs, Unlocking a new market.

68
Q

What was the pound like in the 2000’s?

A

Strong.

69
Q

What did the strong pound mean?

A

More expensive to export goods.

70
Q

Where did Dyson move it’ HQ to in 2019?

A

Singapore.

71
Q

What were Dyson’s reasons for changing the location of the HQ?

A

It would ensure their company is ‘future proofed.’

72
Q

Where is the biggest market for Dyson Products?

A

Asia.

73
Q

How much funding did Dyson announce for the Wiltshire Campus?

A

£200 Million

Changing Places (13 decks)

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