Unit 2 Notes Flashcards
What were new industries created around in the 19th Century?
Around old settlements, and railway networks.
What happened as cities developed outwards?
The Inner City was created.
What are the steps of inner city decline?
Industrial Change, Increasing unemployment, decline of shops, decline of housing.
Why did industrial change take place in inner cities?
Factories didn’t have enough space for expansion, due to the expansion of the core city area.
What did increasing unemployment mean for residents?
Poverty increased, people had less disposable income.
Why did shops close in inner city areas?
Less disposable income meant less revenue for businesses.
What happened to crime rates as a result?
Crime rates rose, as houses became vandalised.
What happened to manufacturing employment in the 1980’s?
Declined from 100,000 to 75,000.
Where are most areas of high unemployment found?
In the inner city, outside of the CBD.
Where are these areas in Birmingham?
Ladywood, Aston, Hodge Hill, Erdington.
What are the social effects of the cycle of decline?
People become depressed, outmigration of skilled people, people turn to crime to supplement income.
What are the economic effects of the cycle of decline?
Industrial Decline, People are made unemployed, less disposable income, less revenue for shops, less skilled workforce.
What are the environmental effects of the cycle of decline?
Environmental quality declines, industrial buildings are empty, increase of graffiti, dereliction of industrial property.
What does de-industrialisation lead to?
Unemployment.
What happens to people with higher levels of skills?
They migrate outwards.
What happens to the remaining population?
They decline in number.
What happens to the population who remain?
Their spending power is reduced, leading to further decline.
What do the remaining people suffer from?
Social Exclusion.
