Unit 2 Notes Flashcards
What were new industries created around in the 19th Century?
Around old settlements, and railway networks.
What happened as cities developed outwards?
The Inner City was created.
What are the steps of inner city decline?
Industrial Change, Increasing unemployment, decline of shops, decline of housing.
Why did industrial change take place in inner cities?
Factories didn’t have enough space for expansion, due to the expansion of the core city area.
What did increasing unemployment mean for residents?
Poverty increased, people had less disposable income.
Why did shops close in inner city areas?
Less disposable income meant less revenue for businesses.
What happened to crime rates as a result?
Crime rates rose, as houses became vandalised.
What happened to manufacturing employment in the 1980’s?
Declined from 100,000 to 75,000.
Where are most areas of high unemployment found?
In the inner city, outside of the CBD.
Where are these areas in Birmingham?
Ladywood, Aston, Hodge Hill, Erdington.
What are the social effects of the cycle of decline?
People become depressed, outmigration of skilled people, people turn to crime to supplement income.
What are the economic effects of the cycle of decline?
Industrial Decline, People are made unemployed, less disposable income, less revenue for shops, less skilled workforce.
What are the environmental effects of the cycle of decline?
Environmental quality declines, industrial buildings are empty, increase of graffiti, dereliction of industrial property.
What does de-industrialisation lead to?
Unemployment.
What happens to people with higher levels of skills?
They migrate outwards.
What happens to the remaining population?
They decline in number.
What happens to the population who remain?
Their spending power is reduced, leading to further decline.
What do the remaining people suffer from?
Social Exclusion.
What does the Lorenz curve show?
Household income distribution in a given area.
What would income be like if everyone was equal?
Everyone would have the same amount of income.
What is the equation for the Gini Co-efficient?
Area A/Area A+B.
What will the Gini Co-efficient always be?
Below 1.
What does a score approaching 0 mean?
Perfect equality is approaching.
What does a score approaching 1 mean?
Perfect inequality is approaching.
What are enterprise zones?
Designated areas across England with encouragement to invest due to tax breaks and government grants.
What are the benefits of enterprise zones?
Free business rates, up to £275,000. 10% tax relief to businesses who invest in land, less red tape for businesses in former industrial areas.
What is the aim of the big city plan?
To create a world class city.
What are the different components of the big city plan?
New street station - £600 million investment. Library of Birmingham - £88 million investment. Snow hill district - new office buildings.
Which parts of Birmingham have been regenerated?
Paradise/ Chamberlain square, which has received £140 million of enterprise zone funding.
What were the problems with industry being located in the black country?
Contamination of air, pollution of landscape, noise pollution of machinery, contamination of water sources.
What are the effects of this for residents?
Health Problems such as asthma, Stunted growth, acid rain, damage to ecosystems, lack of sleep.
What is the case study of deprivation?
Ladywood.
What was Ladywood famous for in 2010?
It had the highest rate of unemployment in the UK.
What was the unemployment rate in 2022, compared to the national average?
11.7% - National Average - 3.4%.
What percentage of households had an income of less than £15,000 in 2006?
48%.
What were the environmental problems in Ladywood?
Derelict canal-side factories became high rise ugly apartments.
What is the average house price in Ladywood, compared to the national average?
£207,000, £81,000 below the UK average.
What did these factors mean for perceptions of the area?
Reduced attractiveness of the decreased perceptions. Reduced tourism, decreases investor confidence.
What happens to businesses in the area during the spiral of decline?
Businesses start to relocate or shut down completely.
What happens to people in the area when they go for job interviews?
They are looked down upon, because of social perceptions.
What happened to the area in 2011?
The local bank, post office, and chemist all closed, and the library reduced opening hours.
What is surestart?
An organisation providing help to low income parents, with monetary needs, employment, and parenting.
Why did Surestart centres close?
Measures of austerity by the UK government.
What did the closure of these centres mean?
People turn to crime.
What percentage of all violent crime in Birmingham was committed in Ladywood?
25%.
What percentage of families are fighting for financial survival?
81%.
What percentage of people have council homes?
75%. National Average - 9%.
