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Equine Medicine > Unit 3 - Neonatal 2 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Neonatal 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pre-mature foal?

A

Physically a premature birth date

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2
Q

What is a dysmature foal?

A

a normal gestational length but clinical signs of prematurity

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3
Q

What is a post-mature foal?

A

A physically late birth date with atypical development

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4
Q

True or False: Premature and dysmature foals have the same clinical signs

A

True

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5
Q

What may you see on PE in a premature or dysmature foal?

A

Short hair coat, joint laxity, floppy ears, and domed head

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6
Q

What bone/joint abnormality are premature/dysmature foals at risk for?

A

Incomplete ossification of their cuboidal bones

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7
Q

What will a postmature foal look like on PE?

A

Shaggy hair coat and contracted tendons

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8
Q

What comorbidities are premature/dysmature/postmature foals at risk for?

A

Failure of passive transfer, sepsis, and neonatal maladjustment syndrome

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9
Q

Foals rely on colostrum ingestion and absorption for antibody acquisition for the first 4 ______ of life.

A

weeks

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10
Q

How does the GI tract absorb immunoglobulins from colostrum in the foal?

A

pinocytosis

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11
Q

When does maximum absorption of the colostrum occur in a foal?

A

Within the first 8 hours of life

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12
Q

When does absorption of colostrum decrease to almost no absorption?

A

by 24 hours

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13
Q

When should you test for passive transfer in a foal?

A

At 12-24 hours of age

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14
Q

What levels of immunoglobulins indicate normal, complete passive transfer?

A

> 800 mg/dl

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15
Q

What levels of immunoglobulins indicate partial failure of passive transfer?

A

400-800 mg/dl

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16
Q

What levels of immunoglobulins indicate complete failure of passive transfer?

A

<400 mg/dl

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17
Q

What are foals with < 800 mg/dl of immunoglobulins at risk for?

A

generalized sepsis and/or localized infections

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18
Q

How do you treat a foal with failure of passive transfer before 8-24 hours post parturition?

A

Give enteral supplementation - frozen colostrum or commercial products

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19
Q

How do you treat a foal with failure of passive transfer after 24 hours post parturition?

A

Intravenous plasma transfusion - typically 1-3 liters are needed

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20
Q

What is sepsis?

A

bacteremia and systemic clincal signs

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21
Q

What are the risk factors for sepsis?

A

Poor intrauterine life, partial or complete failure of passive transfer

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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of generalized sepsis?

A

Lethargy, decreased nursing, increased time spent laying down, injected mucus membranes, petechia, fever OR hypothermia, and hyperemic coronary bands

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23
Q

What clinical pathologic changes may you see with generalized sepsis?

A

Hypo or hyperglycemia

Leukopenia, toxic changes, and degenerative left shift

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24
Q

What clinical signs can be associated with localized sepsis?

A 
Septic arthritis/synovial structures
Osteomyelitis
Uveitis
Septic umbilicus
Pneumonia
Meningitis

Note- The region affected will have the clinical sign

25
Q

True or False: Hypoglycemia in foals should be treated as sepsis unless proven otherwise.

A

True

26
Q

When should you treat for sepsis?

A

Timing is everything - when in doubt treat

27
Q

How should you treat sepsis in a foal?

A

Broadspectrum antimicrobial therapy and supportive care

28
Q

What supportive care is recommended for treatment of sepsis in a foal?

A

Nursing care for skin/bed sores, nutritional support, fluid support - be on the look out for localization

29
Q

What condition that a mare can have during parturition should make you worried about sepsis?

A

placentitis

30
Q

What is the hypothesis for the cause of neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS)?

A

Hypoxic insult prior to or at birth (placentitis, prolonged delivery)

31
Q

Where does NMS manifest?

A

Central nervous system, GI tract, renal

32
Q

True or False: If foals are normal at birth, they are not at risk for NMS.

A

False - They can be normal at birth and then develop clinical signs within the first 24 hours

33
Q

What does NMS cause in the GIT?

A

Ileus which results in gastric reflux and colic

Ischemic damage to the mucosa

34
Q

What does ischemic damage to the mucosa result in?

A

Malabsorption - diarrhea
Lactose intolerance
Translocation of bacteria

35
Q

What renal manifestations are associated with NMS?

A

Acute kidney injury and vasomotor nephropathy (poor fluid flow)

36
Q

What signs are associated with AKI in a foal with NMS?

A

Isosthenuria, azotemia, and oliguria/anuria

37
Q

What type of foals should make you suspect that NMS is going on?

A

Foals that are not meeting their milestones
Foals that are not suckling appropriately
Foals that are having seizures

38
Q

What is the prognosis for uncomplicated cases of NMS?

A

Good prognosis - they resolve in 72 hours

39
Q

How do you treat the CNS manifestations of NMS?

A

Ensure that the foal is getting adequate nutrition, hydration, and is safe
Foster the normal maternal bond and maternal behavior
Seizure control

40
Q

How do you treat the GIT manifestations of NMS?

A

If ileus - GI rest or careful feeding
Lactase supplementation
Colitis - prophylactic abx for bacterial translocation and fluid therapy

41
Q

How do you treat the renal manifestations of NMS?

A

Thoughtful fluid therapy and judicious use of nephrotoxic medications

42
Q

If a foal has its back hunched that indicates that it is straining to _______. If a foal does not have its back hunched that indicates that it is straining to ______.

A

Defecate; urinate

43
Q

How is meconium impaction diagnosed?

A

History, clinical signs, digital rectal exam, and radiographs

44
Q

What clinical signs are associated with meconium impaction?

A

Straining to defecate, colic signs in the first day of life - all combined with not seeing a lot of meconium

45
Q

How is meconium impaction treated?

A

Enemas, pain control, and supportive care`

46
Q

What enemas can be given to a foal with meconium impaction?

A

Fleet enema - no more than 1 per 24 hours
Soapy water enema
Acetyl cysteine retention enema

47
Q

What pain control can be given to a foal with meconium impaction?

A

Flunixin meglumine and butorphanol

48
Q

What supportive care is recommended for foals with meconium impaction?

A

Ensure adequate IgG, hydration, and nutrition

49
Q

What is the pathophysiology of neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Mare develops anti-RBC antibodies to the foal’s blood type
Anti-RBC antibodies are ingested by the foal
Qa and Aa are the most common

50
Q

What is the signalment for neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Typically it occurs in foals 2-5 days of age

51
Q

What clinical signs are associated with neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Icteric mucus membranes, lethargy, and tachypnea

52
Q

What will you see on bloodwork in patients with neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Low PCV (5-20%), normal protein, and significant hyperbilirubinemia

53
Q

How is neonatal isoerythrolysis diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs, signalment, and confirm with agglutination or lytic tests

54
Q

How do you treat neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Supportive care, blood transfusion if needed

55
Q

How do you prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Prevent future foals from consuming colostrum from that mare

56
Q

What blood should you not transfuse into a foal with neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Whole blood from the mare or blood from the stallion

57
Q

What do you need to do to blood prior to transfusion of a mare’s blood to its foal with neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Wash the blood from mare to remove the globulins

58
Q

If you chose not to use blood from the mare, what blood can be transfused to a foal with neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Universal donor (Qa, Aa negative)

Equine Medicine (27 decks)

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