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Equine Medicine > Unit 2 - GI Colic > Flashcards

Unit 2 - GI Colic Flashcards

1
Q

What is colic?

A

abdominal pain most likely localized to the GI tract

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2
Q

Is mortality associated with colic higher in horses less than a year of age or greater?

A

greater

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3
Q

What percentage of colic are simply medical and not surgical?

A

80-85% are medical - 30% resolve without treatment

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4
Q

What are the influencing factors for survival of colic?

A

Delay of treatment, underlying disease, shock and endotoxemia, improvements in anesthesia, and fluid therapy

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5
Q

What are the risk factors to developing colic?

A

Previous colic episodes, round bale feeding, course or poor-quality hay, high concentrate diets, acute decrease in exercise, cribbing, late pregnancy to 150 days post-partum, possibly weather changes

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6
Q

What clinical signs are associated with colic?

A

Rolling, pawing, looking at flank, abnormal behavior, grinding teeth, lifting the upper lip, not passing manure, sweating, abnormal posture, and anorexia

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7
Q

What information should you get about a horses history in a colic case?

A

signalment, recent changes, duration of colic, medical history, previous episodes of colic

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8
Q

What should you examine during physical examination in a colic case?

A

Attitude, abdominal distension, fecal consistency, TPR, MM, CRT, GI auscultation

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9
Q

What is the normal T for horses?

A

99-101 F

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10
Q

What is the normal HR for horses?

A

30-42 bpm

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11
Q

What is the normal RR for horses?

A

12-20 bpm

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12
Q

What may increased HR indicate?

A

pain, endotoxemia, and decreased vascular volume

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13
Q

What are signs of endotoxemia in the mm?

A

brick red color, blue or purple, toxic line

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14
Q

How do you check hydration status on a horse?

A

CBC/chemistry panel, mucus membranes, and a skin tent (neck or upper eyelid)

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15
Q

What is a normal PCV in horses?

A

30-40%

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16
Q

What is a normal TS in horses?

A

6-7 g/dl

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17
Q

What is the prognosis for survival if a patient has a PCV of greater than 60%?

A

Poor prognosis for survival

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18
Q

Where should GI auscultation be done?

A

4 quarants - dorsal and ventral in the right and left flank

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19
Q

In 1 minute, how many ‘episodes’ of sounds should you hear on GI auscultation?

A

1-2 episodes of sounds

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20
Q

What behavior is associated with pain?

A

Violent, uncontrollable, continous and older horses are stoic

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21
Q

What are signs of mild pain?

A

laying down, looking at abdomen, occasionally rolls

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22
Q

What can cause mild GI pain?

A

large colon impactions or displacements

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23
Q

What are signs of moderate pain?

A

active rolling, continuous discomfort

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24
Q

What can cause moderate GI pain?

A

large colon displacements and gas distension

25
Q

What are signs of severe pain?

A

violently throwing self on ground and very little awareness of surroundings

26
Q

What are the causes of severe pain?

A

Vascular compromise to bowel, large colon torsion, and small intestinal strangulating lesion

27
Q

What diagnostics should be done for colic?

A

Blood work, nasogastric tube, rectal examination, abdominocentesis, and ultrasound

28
Q

What bloodwork should be done in colic cases?

A

PCV/TS, lactate, CBC, and serum chemistry

29
Q

Why do you want to pass a NG tube early on in treatment?

A

Because they cannot vomit, it will help releive pressure in the stomach that will ultimately make them more comfortable

30
Q

What volume of reflux is normal?

A

1-2 liters

31
Q

What volume of reflux is significant?

A

> 4 liters - don’t give mineral oil

32
Q

Can a rectal examination aid in colic diagnosis?

A

It may aid in determining where and if the distension is gas or solid, but determining a definitive diagnosis is rare

33
Q

What complication is associated with rectal examination?

A

rectal tears

34
Q

Why would you want to do a fecal assessment in colic cases?

A

For gross evaluation, fecal flotation to determine if parasites are the cause, and to determine if there is sand sediment

35
Q

Where should you do an abdominocentesis?

A

at the right of midline

36
Q

What does normal periotoneal fluid look like?

A

clear, yellow peritoneal fluid

37
Q

What are some abnormal fluid consistencies from abdominocentesis?

A

Cloudy, serosanguinous, or reddish brown +/- plant material

38
Q

What does serosanguinous fluid indicate?

A

there is blood in the peritoneal fluid

39
Q

What does reddish brown +/- plant material fluid indicate?

A

There is a rupture or you accidently went into the GI tract

40
Q

What diagnostic tool is helpful for evaluation of colic?

A

ultrasound

41
Q

Why is ultrasound a good diagnostic tool?

A

Abdominal effusion and character, evaluate bowl wall thickness, SI distension, and nephrosplenic space

42
Q

Bare with me here, there are a lot. What are the indications for referral in colic cases?

A 
Persistent HR > 60 bpm
Red, injected, purple mucus membranes
Increasing severity of clinical signs
Marked abdominal distension
Unrelenting pain
Chronic, intermittent pain >2 days duration
Distended small intestine
Spontaneous reflux/large volumes of reflux
Large colon palpable in the pelvic inlet
Serosanguinous abdominocentesis
Thickened intestinal walls
43
Q

What is the medical treatment for colic?

A

Pain control, hand walking, fluid therapy (they will need a lot), gastric decompression, laxatives, restrict food intake, and prokinetics

44
Q

What can be used for pain control in colic cases?

A

NSAIDs, sedatives, and analgesia

45
Q

What type of fluid do you want to use for IV fluid therapy?

A

isotonic replacement fluid - LRS, Plasmalyte A, and Normasol-R

46
Q

What electrolyte deficits can you correct with IV fluid therapy?

A

Calcium, potassium, magnesium

47
Q

What is the most common NSAID used for colic treatment?

A

Flunixin meglumine (Banamine)

48
Q

Does Flunixin meglumine mask surgical colic pain?

A

no

49
Q

What other NSAIDs can be used to treat colic pain?

A

Phenylbutazone, ketoprofen, Dipyrone

50
Q

What sedatives can be used in colic cases?

A

Xylazine, Detomidine, and Romifidine

51
Q

What sedative can mask surgical colic pain?

A

Detomidine

52
Q

Why would you want to give N-butylscopolammonium bromide to a colic patient?

A

It is a parasympatholytic that provides temporary ileus to relax the intestine

53
Q

What analgesic is the most commonly used in colic patients?

A

Butorphanol tartrate

54
Q

What drug is butorphanol often given with?

A

Xylazine, Detomidine, and Romifidine

55
Q

What laxatives do you want to give to colic patients?

A

mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, dioctyl sodium sulfosccinate (DSS), water, and Psyllium

56
Q

What does mineral oil do in the GI tract?

A

it lubricates it

57
Q

What type of laxative is magnesium sulfate?

A

it is an osmotic

58
Q

What type of laxative is DSS?

A

it is a detergent

59
Q

When is it good to use Psyllium as a laxative?

A

It is bulk forming so it is good for particulate colic (sand, gravel)

Equine Medicine (27 decks)

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