Unit 3 List 2 DNA & Heredity AL Flashcards
allele
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that occur due to mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
centromere
The region of a chromosome in which the microtubules of the spindle attach.
chromatid
One of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated n preparation for cell division.
chromosome
Threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry genomic information from cell to cell.
codon (chart)
Used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids.
crossing over
A cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up.
daughter cell
The cells that are formed after cell division.
deletion
A deletion changes the DNA sequence by removing at least one nucleotide in a gene.
diploid
The presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells.
fertilization
The union of two gametes.
frameshift
A genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read.
gamete
A reproductive cell of an animal or plant.
gene
Basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.
gene mutation
A change in a sequence of your DNA.
genetic code
A set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides called codons, each of which corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal.
genetic variation
The presence of differences in sequences of cells.
haploid
A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes.
homologous chromosome
Pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical.
insertion
A type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA.
independent assortment
A genetic principle that states that the alleles of two genes will segregate into daughter cells independent of one another.
meiosis
A type of cell division
that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.
meiosis I
A type of cell division unique to germ cells.
meiosis II
A mitotic division of each of the haploid cells produced in meiosis 1.
DNA
The molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.
mutagen
A chemical or physical agent capable of inducing changes in DNA called mutations.
monosomy
The absence one member of a pair of chromosomes.
mutation
A change in a DNA sequence.
nondisjunction
The failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
offspring
The young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction.
parent cell
A cell that is the source of other cells.
Point mutation
A genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide.
replication
The biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
sexual reproduction
The production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes.
somatic cell
The cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells.
substitution
A type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide.
trisomy
The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells.
trait
A specific characteristic of an individual.
