Unit 1 List 2 Cell Energy Flashcards
Autotroph
An organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.
Light Reaction
The process of photosynthesis that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP.
Chlorophyll
The green pigment that plants use to make food during a process called photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and certain organisms transform light energy into chemical energy.
Calvin Cycle
A process that plants and algae use to turn carbon dioxide from the air into sugar, the food autotrophs need to grow.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
A series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation.
NADPH
NADPH is an essential electron donor in all organisms, and provides the reducing power for anabolic reactions and redox balance.
Mitochondrial Matrix
The inner space surrounded by the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Aerobic Respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars).
Fermentation
A process in which sugars are transformed into a new product through chemical reactions.
NAD+
NAD+ is a critical coenzyme found in every cell in your body that’s involved in hundreds of metabolic processes like cellular energy and mitochondrial health.
Alcoholic Fermentation
The process of using yeasts to convert sugars into alcohol.
Glycolysis
A set of reactions that converts glucose to pyruvate or lactate.
ADP
A biological molecules consisting of one adenine, one sugar, and two phosphates. It is essentially how ATP looks after the third phosphate bond breaks.
Pigment
The natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.
Stomata
Any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf (underneath the leaf) or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the inter-cellular spaces.
Granum
A stack of coin-shaped thylakoids in the chloroplast of plant cells.
Carbon Fixation
The process by which plants and algae convert the carbon found in inorganic molecules into organic matter to produce fuel for cellular respiration.
Heterotrophs
An organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.
Thylakoids
Flatted sacs inside a chloroplast bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place.
Carotenoids
Any of a class of yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble pigments, including carotene, which color to plant parts.
NADH
A universal coenzyme that plays a central role in cellular metabolism. It acts as a donor and acceptor of electrons in redox reactions within all eukaryotic cells.
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration using electron acceptors with the exception of the molecular oxygen.
Cellular Respiration
A series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP.
Krebs Cycle
A chain of reactions occurring in the mitochondria. It uses oxygen and gives out water and carbon dioxide as products.
Pyruvic Acid
An acid that is formed from carbohydrates during the process of glycolysis.
Citric Acid
An organic compound that is colorless and weak. It is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.
ATP
ATP is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.
