Unit 3 Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
*Operant Selection Review
A
-Process of repeated cycles of behavioral variability & modification of Bx by the env over the course of an individual’s lifetime
2
Q
*Reinforcement Review
A
-An Env change that follows a response closely in time, is contingent on that response & increases the probability of similar responses under similar circumstances
3
Q
*Positive Reinfrocement Review
A
-An env change in which as Appetitive Stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, contingent on that response, that increases on that response, that increases the probability of similar responses under similar circumstances
4
Q
*Appetitive Stimuli Review
A
- A stimulus that:
- Functions as positive Rx when presented contingent on a responses
- Functions as neg punishment when terminated contingent on a response
- Abates bx that has terminated it in the past
5
Q
*Reinforcer Identification
2 steps
A
- Preference assessment
2. Reinforcer assessment
6
Q
Preference Assessment (PA)
A
- Methods for identifying an individual’s preference for items and/ or activities that may function as reinforcers
- AKA stimulus preference assessment (SPA)
7
Q
Preference Assessment Purpose
A
- Identify stimuli that may function as reinforcers
* Prediction: Higher preference stimuli —> More likely to function as effective reinforcers
8
Q
Reinforcer Assessment Preview
A
*Variety of techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of stimulus as a reinforcer
9
Q
Preference Assessment History
A
“Arbitrary” to topographical select
*No way to predict reinforcer efficacy
10
Q
In a stimulus preference assessment we are trying to identify stimuli of this type:
a. Appetitive
b. Aversive
c. Positive
d. Neutral
A
a. Appetitive
In teaching new or replacement skills, behavior analysts often use positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement requires the use of stimuli described as “appetitive.” A preference assessment helps us identify these type of stimuli.
11
Q
The purpose of stimulus preference assessments is to identify:
a. Preferred stimuli
b. Reinforcers
c. Both of these
A
a. Preference stimuli
12
Q
2 Preliminary Assessment Categories
A
- Indirect preference assessment
* Direct naturalistic observation (duration-based)
13
Q
Indirect Preference Assessment
A
*Informant-based assessment that provides info about an individual’s preference for tangible items and/ or activities
14
Q
Indirect Preference Assessment methods
A
- General types:
- Interviews
- Checklists
- Rating scales
- Can be completed through:
- Self-report
- Caregiver nomination
15
Q
Indirect Preference Assessment Example
A
- Reinforcer Assessment for individuals with severe Disabilities (RAISD)
- Interview tool
- Helps generate a list of potential preferred stimuli
- Caregiver indicates like/dislikes for client
- Stimuli ranked at End
16
Q
Indirect preference assessments are __________-based assessments that provide information about an individual’s ___________ for tangible items and/or activities.
A
- Informant
- Preference
17
Q
Which of these is NOT a type of indirect preference assessment?
a. Checklists
b. Rating scales
c. Verbal self-reports
d. All of these are types
A
d. All of these are types
18
Q
Interviews and questionnaires can be conducted as:
a. Self-report
b. Caregiver nomination
c. Both
A
c. Both
19
Q
An indirect preference assessment should also identify items that the client or caregiver would prefer NOT to use in treatment.
a. True
b. False
A
a. True
20
Q
Indirect Preference Assessment Advantages
A
-Simple
-Efficient
-Narrows the field
‘May improve efficiency down the line
-Can give info about ecological fit
21
Q
Indirect Preference Assessment Limitations
A
- Subjective
- Unreliable
- Self-report requires prerequisite vocal verbal skills
22
Q
Indirect Preference Assessment Conclusions
A
- Shown to be unreliable alone but …..
- Shown be used as a First step!
23
Q
The best use of indirect preference assessments is:
a. To determine what to use as reinforcers
b. To identify a caregiver’s preferences
c. As a first step in the identification of preferred items
d. All of these are correct
A
c. As a first step in the identification of preferred items
24
Q
Premack Principle Preview
A
“States that making the opportunity to engage in a bx that occurs at a relatively high free operant (or baseline) rate contingent on the occurrence of low-fro bx will function as RX for the low-occurrence Bx”
25
Naturalistic Observation
*Duration-based direct observation used to identity preferred stimuli in which the primary measures is the amount of time an individual engages with stimuli in their natural env
26
Naturalistic Observations Steps
* Allow individual to have "Free Time" in the Env
| * Take duration measure for interaction time with items/ activities
27
Naturalistic Observation Advantages
* Objective
* Does not require a verbal repertoire
* Less likely to produce prob bx as it does not require:
- The removal of stimuli
- Task engagement
28
Naturalistic Observation Limitations
- Time-consuming
| - Potentially limited access to stimuli
29
When it comes to time, naturalistic observation is relatively _____.
-Time consuming
30
In addition to not evoking problem behavior, naturalistic assessments are advantageous for some individuals because they:
a. Are less likely to rain a side bias
b. Do not require a verbal repertoire
c. Take into account individual differences
d. Are subjective
b. Do not require a verbal repertoire
31
When conducting a naturalistic observation:
a. Always ensure items present are exactly as they occur naturally
b. It might be relevant to "plant" stimuli that could be preferred
b. It might be relevant to "plant" stimuli that could be preferred
32
Which measure is typically used for comparing relative preference for different stimuli and activities in a naturalistic observation?
a. Percent acceptance
b. Rank order
c. Duration of engagement
d. Latency to response
c. Duration of engagement
33
Direct Preference Assessment
*Observation-based (empirical) assessment that provides info about an individual's preference for tangible items and/or activities
34
Direct Preference Assessment Methods
* Trial-based (selection-based)
- Single-stimulus
- Paired-stimulus
- Multiple-stimulus with replacement
- Multiple-stimulus without replacement
* Duration-based
- Free operant
- Single-item
35
Trial-Based Preference Assessment
*Direct preference assessment in which 1 or more items is/ are presented across trials & approach, contract or engagement is measured
36
Types of Trial-Based Preference Assessments
-Single-stimulus
-Paired-stimulus
-Multiple-stimulus
'With replacement
"Without replacement
37
Direct preference assessments are ___________ assessments that provide information about an individual’s preference for tangible items and/or activities.
*Observation-based or Empirical
38
Select all the trial-based preference assessments:
(check all that apply)
a. Single-stimulus
b. Free operant
c. Single-item
d. Paired-stimulus
e. Multiple-stimulus with replacement
f. Multiple-stimulus without replacement
a. Single-stimulus
d. Paired-stimulus
e. Multiple-stimulus with replacement
f. Multiple-stimulus without replacement
39
Another name for trial-based preference assessments is -based.
-Selection based
40
Direct preference assessments include:
a. Asking the client directly for their preferences
b. Observing the client's Bx
c. Directing the client to accept the preferences of peers
b. Observing the client's Bx
41
Single-Stimulus (SS) Preference Assessment
* Direct preference assessment methodology in which a Single Item is presented for a period of time & approach, contact or engagement with the item is measured
- AKA successive choice, single-stimulus engagement or single-item assessment
42
Before the Assessment
- Select items for inclusions
- Set up for the session
- Allow pre-session sampling
43
Single-Stimulus Preference Assessment Procedure
1. Present 1 item @ a time, random order
2. Wait for approach then allow access
'No approach: Remove item
3. Record data
4. Start next trial (typically 10 per item)
44
In an SS preference assessment, items are placed in front of the individual:
a. One at a time
b. In pairs
c. In sets of 3 or more
d. In varying numbers depending on the number of items being assessed
a. One at a time
45
What is recommended regarding pre-session sampling (access to items prior to direct assessment)?
a. Do not permit sampling, as this may sway selection
b. Sampling maybe helpful, permitting clients to experience the stimulus before selection
b. Sampling maybe helpful, permitting clients to experience the stimulus before selection
46
Pace et al. (1985)
* Purpose: To demonstrate 2-stage methods for identifying reinforcers
1) Assessment of stimulus preference
2) Evaluation of RX effects
47
Why was the Pace study so important?
-Previously, reinforcers were selected somewhat arbitrarily or by preference assessment alone
48
The data from the Pace study show that most clients preferred the same items.
a. True
b. False
b. False
49
What assumptions were made regarding approach in the Pace study?
-Approach was assumed to indicate preference
50
What conclusions can be drawn from measures of approach in study 1?
-Preference was idiosyncratic
51
Single-Stimulus PA Advantages
- Simple
- Does not require individual to select btw stimuli
- Can identify multiple preferred stimuli
- Accommodates larger items/ activities
52
When to Use Single-Stimulus PA
*For individuals who have difficulty selecting btw stimuli
53
Single-Stimulus PA Limitations
* Undifferentiated approach- individuals may approach all/ most items
* Highly preferred items may not function as RX
* Stimuli have to be removed after each trial
54
Which of these is NOT a limitation of SS preference assessment methods?
-They are Subjective
55
Single-stimulus preference assessments are best for individuals:
*Who have difficulty selecting btw stimuli
56
Rationale for Another Approach
* Single-stimulus PA has Limitations:
| - Undifferentiated approach-individuals are likely to approach all/ most items
57
Paired-Stimulus (PS) Preference Assessment
* Direct trial-based preference assessment in which stimuli are presented in pairs & approach responses are recorded
* AKA paired-choice, forced-choice (not the best term)
58
Paired-Stimulus PA
* Stimuli presented in pairs
| - Each item paired once with every other item
59
Before the Assessment
- Select items for inclusions
* Set up for the session
- Determine trials and pairs
- Data sheet
* Allow pre-session sampling
60
Determining Number of Trials
* # Trials = n(n-1)/ 2
- n =total # of stimuli included
- e.g. for 5 stimuli: 5(4)/ 2 = 10 trials
61
Determine Pairings & Placement
* Each item paired once with every other item (all pairwise permutations)
- Each item needs to be on the right vs. left an equal # of times
62
The “paired” in paired-stimulus approach refers to what?
a. Items should have already undergone the SS pairing of respondent conditioning
b. Items are presented two at a time
b. Items are presented two at a time
63
Andy is getting ready to conduct a PS preference assessment with six items. How many trials will Andy need to run?
a. 1
b. 6
c. 12
d. 15
d. 15
The formula for determining the minimum number of trials is: n (n-1)/2, so the number of trials for six items would be calculated as such: 6(5)/2 = 15.
64
What is the rationale for the development of the paired-stimulus approach?
-In a single-stimulus format, we may see undifferentiated approach (individuals select any stimulus placed in front of them)
65
Pre-planning paired-stimulus preference assessments helps ensure:
a. Each item is compared to all other stimuli, presented an equal # of times & balanced across sides
b. Latency to selection will be minimized
c. Info from an indirect assessment is valid
a. Each item is compared to all other stimuli, presented an equal # of times & balanced across sides
66
Paired-Stimulus Preference Assessment Procedure
1. Presented two items
2. Wait for approach then allow access to selected item, remove other item
- No approach: Remove items & represent
- Attempt to select both: Block assess
3. Record data
4. Start next trial
67
In a paired-stimulus preference assessment, stimuli are placed in front of the individual:
a. Equidistant
b. One closer than the other
c. At random locations each time
a. Equidistant
68
Fisher et al. (1992)
*Purpose: To compare single-stimulus & paired-stimulus PA procedures
69
Fisher et al. (1992)
*Demonstrated that paired-stimulus preference assessment produced more sensitive hierarchies & are more sensitive to relative reinforcer efficacy
70
The results of the paired-stimulus preference assessment in the Fisher study indicate that:
a. There was greater differentiation in approach as compared to the SS
b. There were more false positives than the SS approach
c. Some subjects showed uniformly high approach in the PS assessment
d. There were many trials with no selection
a. There was greater differentiation in approach as compared to the SS
71
The results of the Fisher study provided evidence of what?
a. Single-stimulus is more sensitive than paired stimulus
b. Free operant is more sensitive than single-stimulus
c. Paired-stimulus is more sensitive than single-stimulus
c. Paired-stimulus is more sensitive than single-stimulus
72
Paired-Stimulus PA: Results and Data
* Calculating preference hierarchy:
- (approaches/ trials presented) 100
* Graphed using Bar Graph
- X-axis: Stimuli
- Y-axis: % selection
73
Paired-Stimulus PA advantages
* More sensitive than single-stimulus PA methodology
| * Likely to identify multiple potential reinforcers by establishing a hierarchy
74
Paried-Stimulus PA Limitations
- Prone to false neg
- Time-consuming
- Stimuli are taken after access
- Possible position biases
75
When calculating the percent selected, we divide the number of times selected by what?
a. Total number of trials with all stimuli
b. Total number of trials when the specific stimulus was available
b. Total number of trials when the specific stimulus was available
76
A paired-stimulus assessment was conducted with five items. Popcorn was selected two times. What is the percent selected? (approaches/trials presented)
a. 20% (2/10 x 100)
b. 40% (2/5 x 100)
c. 50% (2/4 x 100)
d. 60% (6/10 x 100)
c. 50% (2/4 x 100)
77
Position Bias
* Evident when the selection of stimuli in a preference assessment is controlled by location rather than the items themselves
* AKA Side Bias
78
Position Bias (Con....td)
- Individual commonly selects item on 1 side
- Often corresponds to hand dominance
* Evidence by flat distribution (i.e. everything selected 50% of the time)
79
Bourret et al. (2012)
- 5 participants (autism or DD)
- All showed position bias during paired-stimulus assessment
* 3 Interventions:
- Stimulus quality training
- Stimulus magnitude training
- Magnitude training plus error correction
80
Bouret et al. (2012)
* Quality training
- Choice btw known nonpreferred & other stimulus
* Magnitude training:
- One option greater (5x) than other
* Magnitude training + Error correction
- Selection of smaller magnitude = block & re-presentation of trial
81
Position bias means that an individual:
a. Holds their body in a specific position
b. Selects items placed on a particular side/ location
c. Chooses items placed only to their right
d. Selects items based on social significance
b. Selects items placed on a particular side/ location
82
Mitigating Position Bias
* Change to vertical placement of stimuli
* Hold stimuli directly in from t of the participant
* Place items in opposite corners of the rom & have the participant walk to the selected item
83
Position bias can be mitigated by:
a. Quality training
b. Magnitude training
c. Magnitude training plus punishment
d. Placing items in opposite corners of the room
e. Holding items directly in front of the individual
a. Quality training
b. Magnitude training
d. Placing items in opposite corners of the room
e. Holding items directly in front of the individual
84
What should be done if attempts to mitigate or correct position bias are unsuccessful?
a. Rely on indirect assessments
b. Select items based on ease of use
c. Use another assessment method, such as single-stimulus or free operant
c. Use another assessment method, such as single-stimulus or free operant
85
Rationale for yet another approach
*Pairing-stimulus PA approach is time-consuming
86
Multiple-Stimulus Preference Assessments
* Present all items in the array simultaneously
| * Participants select 1 from among all items (or remaining items) during each trial
87
Multiple-Stimulus PA Variations
* With replacement (MSW)
- Selected items are returned to the array
* Without replacement (MSWO)
- Selected items are not returned to the array
88
Multiple-Stimulus With Replacement (MSW) PA
*Preference assessment method in which 3 or more items are presented to the individual & after selection the item selected is returned to the array prior to the next trial
89
Before the Assessment
- select items for inclusion
- set up for the session
- allow pre-session sampling
90
Multiple-Stimulus With Replacement PA Procedure
1. Present all items
2. Deliver instruction then allow access to selected item, remove other items
- Attempt to select another item: Block access
3. Record data
4. Return selected item to array, rotate & start next trial
91
In a multiple-stimulus preference assessment, items are presented:
a. One at a time
b. In pairs
c. All stimuli together
c. All stimuli together
92
What is the advantage of using multiple-stimulus preference assessments rather than paired-stimulus preference assessments? Multiple-stimulus preference assessments:
a. Are more robust
b. Are less time-consuming
c. Allow more items to be assessed
d. Do nit require a differentiated response
b. Are less time-consuming
93
It is not necessary to present items in various positions during a multiple-stimulus preference assessment to avoid position bias.
a. true
b. false
b. false
94
In an MSW approach, the selected item ______ returned to the array on the next trial.
a. Is
b. is not
a. is
95
Windsor et al. (1994)
- Purpose: To compare paired-stimulus & Multiple-stimulus PA methods
* Participants: 8 individuals with developmental disabilities
* Completed MSW & PS preference assessments with all participants
96
Windsor et al. (1994) Results
* Paired-stimulus meths resulted in more distinct rankings (16.7% of items were never selected in multiple-stimulus method)
* Multiple-stimulus with replacement PA method more efficient than paired-stimulus PA method
97
MSW Results and Data Display
* Preference hierarchy
- Approaches/ trials presented
* Graphed using bar graph
- X-axis: Stimuli
- Y-axis: % selection
98
MSW Advantages
- Efficient
- Less prone to overestimate due to undifferentiated approach than single-stimulus PA
- provides info about the single most preferred stimulus
99
MSW Limitations
- Limited to tabletop items
- Array size limited
- Stimuli are taken away after access
- Little info on relative preference of unselected items
- No hierarchy
100
The DeLeon and Iwata (1996) study revealed that multiple-stimulus preference assessments were as reliable as paired-stimulus in identifying preferred stimuli.
a. True
b. False
b. False
While multiple-stimulus preference assessments can identify the most preferred stimulus at a point in time or establish a hierarchy, the paired-stimulus typically produces more reliable results.
101
_______ preference assessments identify the most preferred stimulus as opposed to a ranking or hierarchy.
-MSW
102
Rationale for yet Another Approach
* Multiple-stimulus with replacement PA has limitations
- No hierarchy
- No info about other items in the array, which could be preferred
103
Multiple-Stimulus Without Replacement (MSWO) PA
-Preference assessment method in which 3 or more items are presented to the individual, & the item selected is removed from the array prior to the next level
104
Before the Assessment
- Select (6-10) items for inclusion
- Set up for the session
- Allow pre-session sampling
105
Multiple-stimulus Without Replacement PA Procedure
1. Present all items
2. Delver instruction then allow access to selected item, remove other items
- Attempt to select another item: Block access
3. Record data
4. Remove selected item from the array, rotate & start next trial
106
Why does an MSWO result in information on more stimuli?
a. MSWO allows for a larger array
b. The same item cannot be selected repeatedly in an MSWO
c. MSW limits the # of selections
d. MSWO allows for repeated selection of the same item
b. The same item cannot be selected repeatedly in an MSWO
107
MSWO Percent Calculation
*Ranking/ preference hierarchy
-Rank: Item chosen first, second, third etc
-Approaches/ trials item presented
Within or access sessions
108
Remember
* Windsor et al. (1994): Multiple-stimulus with replacement (MSW)
- Found that multiple-stimulus with replacement PA method more efficient than paired-stimulus PA method
- Paired-stimulus PA method resulted in more distinct rankings (16.7% of items were never selected in multiple-stimulus PA method)
109
```
Key: Strawberry (S), Sushi (SU), Cookie (C), Popsicle (P), Lollipop (L), French Fries (F)
•Trial 1: L, SU, S, C, P, F
•Trial 2: P, F, S, L, C
•Trial 3: S, C, P, L
•Trial 4: P, L, C
•Trial 5: C, L
```
What number should be placed in the denominator for these calculations?
We divide the number of times an item is selected by the total number of trials in which the item was available. Item S was available three times and was selected once: 1/3. Item SU was available one time and was selected once: 1/1. Item C was available five times and was selected zero times: 0/5. Item P was available four times and was selected once: 1/4. Item L was available five times and was selected once: 1/5. Item F was available two times and was selected once: 1/2.
110
DeLeon & Iwata (1996)
*Purpose: To compare multiple-stimulus assessment, with & without replacement of selected items
111
DeLeon & Iwata (1996) Cont..d)
| *MSW vs. MSWO vs. PS
- Participants: 7 individuals with profound developmental disabilities
- Stimuli: 7 items (varied across participants)
- Selection of a stimulus -=> consumption or 30s access
112
Procedural Review
*MSW: All stimuli presented on every trial
*MSWO: All stimuli presented on first trial
0Selected stimuli removed on subsequent trials
*PS: Stimuli presented in pairs
113
DeLeon & Iwata Results (1996)
- High degrees of consistency for highest-ranked stimulus across all 3 assessments
- MSW method produced more unselected stimuli than MSWO or PS methods
- Rankings across assessments were similar & fairly consistent
- MSW & MSWO: More efficient than PS
114
MSWO Advantages
- Efficient (good for frequent use)
| - Provides hierarchy
115
MSWO Limitations
- Limited to tabletop items
- Array size limited
- Stimuli have to be removed after each trial
116
MSW Summary
| -Multiple-stimulus with replacement
- Selected items are returned to the array
| - Provides info on the single most preferred stimulus
117
MSWO Summary:
Multiple-stimulus without replacement (MSWO)
- Selected items are not returned to the array
| - Provides more info about preferences among the array
118
The primary advantage of the multiple-stimulus methods over the paired-stimulus method is that multiple-stimulus methods are:
a. Less subjective
b. Less likely to evoke prob bx
c. More accurate
d. More efficient
d. More efficient
119
In which assessment are all stimuli presented on every trial?
a. Single-stimulus
b. Paired-stimulus
c. Multiple-stimulus with replacement
d. Multiple-stimulus without replacement
c. Multiple-stimulus with replacement
120
If you want to get a clear preference hierarchy, which preference assessment should you use?
a. Single- Stimulus
b. Single operant
c. Multiple-stimulus with replacement
d. Multiple- stimulus without replacement
d. Multiple- stimulus without replacement
121
Selection-Based Preference Assessments
* Items systematically presented tp produce preference hierarchies
* Variations differ with respect to how many items are presented during a given trial
- Preference hierarchies derived from calculations of the # of times a stimulus is selected given the # of times each is available
122
Single Stimulus (SS)
*Adv: Simple, can include large # stimuli
| Limitations: Maybe prone to false positives
123
Paired-Stimulus (PS)
* Adv: More sensitive to relative preference
| * Limitations: Time-consuming -Potential position biases
124
Multiple-Stimulus (MSW & MSWO)
Adv: Efficient (brief)
| *Limitations: May limit # items included
125
Which of the following preference assessment methods may be most prone to false positives?
a. Single- Stimulus
b. Paired- Stimulus
c. Multiple- stimulus without replacement
d. Multiple- stimulus with replacement
. Single- Stimulus
126
Which of the following preference assessment methods may be more sensitive to relative preferences and allows one to include a large number of stimuli?
a. Single- Stimulus
b. Paired- Stimulus
c. Multiple- stimulus without replacement
d. Multiple- stimulus with replacement
b. Paired- Stimulus
127
Which method produces the most unselected stimuli?
a. Single- Stimulus
b. Paired- Stimulus
c. Multiple- stimulus without replacement
d. Multiple- stimulus with replacement
c. Multiple- stimulus without replacement
128
Vocal Assessment
*Assessment variation where the stimuli are presented vocally & the selection response is made by vocally choosing a stimulus
129
Vocal Assessment Procedure
* Conduct paired-stimulus preference assessment as normal, except no stimuli are present
* Present pairs vocally
e. g."Do you want to ride a bike or go swimming?"
* Contingent on Selection, Provide access when possible
130
Cohen-Almeida et al. (2000)
* Purpose: To compare verbal & tangible preference assessments
* Participants: 6 individuals with developmental disabilities/ behavioral disorders
* Results:
- Both assessments identified same high preference items
- Vocal was faster
131
Vocal Assessment Considerations
- Efficient
- Can include activities/ larger items
- Client needs to have prerequisite vocal verbal skills
132
Pictorial Assessment
*Assessment variation where the learner selects a pic representing an activity or stimulus
133
Pictorial Assessment Procedure
* Conduct PS or MSWP, but use pics instead of actual stimuli
* Show pics & allow selection e.g pic of a hug
* When possible, allow access contingent on selection
134
Pictorial Assessment Considerations
- Efficient
- Can include activities/ stimulus that would be difficult to present in standard format
* Data support the use of this variation with sufficient prerequisite skills
- Does require prerequisite pic-to-object matching
135
Northup et al. (1996)
* Purpose: To evaluate 3 assessment methods (survey, verbal PS, vocal PS)
* Results:
- Survey: Ineffective
- Verbal & vocal PS: Identifies high & Leo preference stimulus for 3/4 participants
136
A vocal preference assessment is the same as an indirect assessment.
a. True
b. False
b. False
137
An advantage of both pictorial and vocal assessments is that they allow us to evaluate:
a. Activities
b. Social attention
c. Larger items
d. All of these can be evaluated
d. All of these can be evaluated
138
Visual scanning is a prerequisite skill required for all the following preference assessments EXCEPT:
a. Vocal
b. Pictorial
c. Paired-stimulus
d. Multiple-stimulus
a. Vocal
139
Picture-to-object matching skills are required to accurately complete which of the following preference assessments?
a. Vocal
b. Pictorial
c. Paired-stimulus
d. Multiple-stimulus
b. Pictorial
140
Contingent Delivery in Preference Assessments
- Providing the item when the item is, selected
e. g. Select pic of a toy car, get access to actual toy car
- In some situations it is not practical e.g. Activities
141
Hanley et al. (1999)
- Evaluated preferences using pics
- Assessment trials: 3 Pics presented simultaneously
- 2 potential Rx & 1 presumably neutral activity
* 2 experimental conditions:
- No access: Selection did not produce programmed consequences
142
Kuhn et al. (2006)
* Evaluated preferences using a vocal verbal stimulus preference assessment
* 2 experimental conditions:
1) Verbal
2) Verbal-plus-tangible
143
Contingent Delivery Conclusions
* Contingent delivery is imp!
| * Providing the stimulus following selection is necessary to produce accurate results
144
Contingent delivery of a selected stimulus has no impact on the accuracy of an SPA.
a. True
b. False
b. False
145
What were the findings of the Hanley et al. (1999) study?
Hanley et al. noted that for most of the participants, hierarchies were more likely to be observed when the selected items were immediately delivered. These findings were similar to those observed by Kuhn, DeLeon, Terlonge, & Goysovich (2006)
146
Research on contingent delivery during preference assessments has generally suggested that contingent delivery:
*Identifies stimuli that are more likely to function as reinforcers
147
During a preference assessment, it is important to provide the selected stimulus after each trial.
a. True
b. False
a. True
148
Stimuli Used in Preference Assessments
- What type of Stimuli do you include in a preference assessment?
- How do you choose?
- How to Assess stimuli of different types?
149
Why do we address the ecological fit of reinforcers?
-We must find Rx that balance acceptability, practicality and effectiveness
150
Preference Assessment Array
*Must determine the types of stimuli tp include in the array of a single assessment
151
Mixed Classes of Stimulus
* Classes
- Edible items
- Leisure/ other tangibles
* Mixed class: Includes edible & tangible items in the array
152
DeLeon et al. (1997)
* Purpose: To evaluate the inclusion of mixed classes of stimuli in preference assessments
* Participants: 14 individuals with developmental disabilities
* 3 MSWOs:
- Edible-only. leisure-only mixed
153
DeLeon et al. (1997) Results
* In a mixed array, all but 2 participants showed a preference for edibles
- Edibles often downward displace leisure items
- Leisure items may still be preferred
154
Preference Assessment Array:
| Take-Home Point
* Food items displace leisure item in mixed arrays
* Food & leisure items may both function as RX, but that isn't captured when the array is mixed
* Assess food & leisure items separately!
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Summary of Considerations for Preference Assessments
- Select stimuli that are a good Ecological fit
- Provide the Stimulus contingent on a selection response
- Assess food & leisure items separately
156
A mixed class or mixed array means that food and tangible items are assessed:
a. Together in the same assessment
b. Separately in different assessments
a. Together in the same assessment
157
Which of the following outcomes has been revealed by the research that has examined preference assessments that include mixed arrays?
a. Food items often downward displace leisure items
b. Leisure items often downward displace food items
c. No differences in preference
a. Food items often downward displace leisure items
158
The bottom line about mixed arrays is that for accurate results, food and leisure/tangible items:
a. Should be evaluated separately
b. Can be evaluated together
a. Should be evaluated separately
159
Rationale for Another Assessment Type
* Some issues with selection-based approaches
- Position biases
- Prob bx resulting from removal of stimuli
- Time-consuming
* Issues with naturalistic observation
- Primarily limited to items in the natural Env
- Time0consuming
160
Duration-Based Assessments
* Items are presented to the individual & the proportion of time spent engaging with the items is recorded
* 2 types:
- Free Operant (or multiple item)
- Single-item presentation
161
Free Operant (FO) Preference Assessment
*Duration-based preference assessment in which multiple stimuli are provided simultaneously & duration of engagement with items is measured
162
Free Operant Preference Assessment Procedure
1. Present all items
2 allow free access for entire assessment time
3. Record duration engagement with each stimulus
-Partial-interval or duration recording
*Items ranked based on duration of engagement
163
In a free operant preference assessment, stimuli are presented:
a. One at a Time
b. In pairs
c. All together
d. It varies based on type of stimuli used
c. All together
164
The variable measured in an FO assessment is:
a. Number of trials in which an item is selected
b. Duration of engagement with each item
c. Approach responses
d. None of these
b. Duration of engagement with each item
165
What are the suggested measurements to use with free-operant preference assessment?
a. Rate
b. Latency
c. Duration
d. Partial-interval
c. Duration
| d. Partial-interval
166
Roane et al. (1998)
- Purpose: To evaluate preferences in a brief, free operant format
- Participants: 20 individuals with severe developmental disabilities
167
Roane et al. (1998) Study 1 Results
*Free operant PA procedure identified preferred stimulus for all participants
168
Roane et al. (1998) Study 2
- Purpose: To compare paired-stimulus Vs. Free Operant using same stimuli for both assessments
- Measured:
- Preference assessment results
- Duration of assessment
- Prob bx
- Attempts to leave assessment
169
Free Operant PA Advantages
- Faster than paired-stimulus
- Less prob bx maintained by access to tangibles than a paired-stimulus
- No position bias concerns
170
Free Operant PA Limitations
- Prone to false negatives
| - May not result in a hierarchy
171
Which of these is a limitation of the free operant method of preference assessment?
a. Position biases likely
b. Prone to false negative
c. Subjectivity
d. Time-consuming
b. Prone to false negative
172
Why might a free operant assessment be appropriate, even though it may have lower correspondence to results of a paired-stimulus assessment?
-If the client is likely to engage in prob bx during PS
173
Free operant preference assessments are ______
| efficient than paired-stimulus assessments.
More
174
Single-Item Duration Preference Assessment
*Preference assessment in which each item is resented individually, & the duration of engagement is measured
175
Single-item Duration preference Assessment Procedure
1. Present 1 item, start timer 1
2. Allow 2 min access
- Start timer 2 when individual begins to interact with item, stop timer 2 if person stops engaging with them
3. At end 2 min, stop both timers & remove item
4. Record data
176
Falt Distribution
- Semi-equal responding across stimuli
| - Indication that choices may not be a valid measure of preference
177
DeLeon et al. (1999)
* Purpose: To evaluate a single-stimulus duration-based PA approach for determining stimulus preference
* Participants: 4 individuals with developmental disabilities
* Stimuli: 7 leisure items
178
DeLeon et al. (1999) contd....
* 2 types of preference assessment conducted, 5 times each
- MSWO procedure
- Duration-based procedure
- Single item placed on table
- 2 min access & duration of interaction recorded
- Single operant RX assessment
179
DeLeon et al. (1999)
Conclusion
-Single-item duration PA method maybe appropriate if MSWO results in a flat distribution
180
Single-item Duration PA Advantages
-May help clarify results when a flat distribution is produced with selection-based method
181
When selection-based assessments yield undifferentiated results, which measure could be helpful in single-stimulus assessments?
a. Perecent selection
b. Number of approaches
c. Duration of engagement
c. Duration of engagement
182
What is the purpose of indirect preference assessments?
a. Can remove the need for direct preference assessments
b. To confirm the selection of items chosen for PA
c. To inform practitioners which items to include in PA
c. To inform practitioners which items to include in PA
183
Which of the following are trial-based preference assessments?
a. Single-stimulus
b. MSWO
c. Free operant
d. Paired-stimulus
e. Naturalistic observation
f. MSW
a. Single-Stimulus
b. MSWO
d. Paired-stimulus
f. MSW
184
Graff and Karsten (2012) found that what percentage of BCBA/BCaBA practitioners use direct methods?
-89%
185
Selecting a Preference Assessment
* Some considerations:
- Quality of info
- Tine available & preference assessment efficiency
- Abilities & position biases
- Problem Bx
186
Quality of info in Preference Assessments
- Indirect methods: Unreliable, but a necessary First step
- SS: Prone to false positives
- PS: Identifies most potent RX
- MSW: No Hierarchy
- MSWO: Provides hierarchy
- FO: False negatives
187
Efficiency in Preference Assessments
- Indirect: Efficient
- SS: Efficient
- PS: Time- consuming
- MSW: Efficient
- MSWO: Efficient
- Naturalistic: Time- consuming
- FO: Efficient
- Single-item duration: Efficient
188
Efficiency Guide
- If including a large # of stimuli: Use a single-stimulus
- If there is ample time to complete the assessment: Use a paired-stimulus
- If time is an issue: Use a free operant, single-stimulus or MSWO
189
Which preference assessment method is prone to false positives?
-Single-Stimulus
190
Which preference assessment method results in a hierarchy of preferences?
-MSWO
191
Abilities in Preference Assessments
*Participant's skill repertoire
-Approach response?
-Visual scanning?
-Match to sample
=Auditory match-to-sample?
*Position bias potential
192
Problem Bx in Preference Assessments
*Removal of stimuli may evoke prob bx
-Paired-stimulus & MSWO evoke prob bx maintained by tangible Rx-Free operant does not
*Observer may be Sd for attention
-Free operant may evoke bx maintained by attention
(Paired-stimulus & MSWO do not)
193
An approach response is a prerequisite for all the following methods except which?
a. Single-stimulus
b. MSWO
c. Pictorial
d. Vocal
d. Vocal
194
Which preference assessment method does not require scanning skills?
a. Paired- stimulus
b. Single-stimulus
c. Pictorial
d. Free-operant
b. Single-Stimulus
195
Which method is better to use when individuals demonstrate problem behavior related to access to tangibles?
a. Free operant
b. Paired- stimulus
c. Indirect only
d. MSWO
a. Free operant
196
Which method is better to use when individuals demonstrate problem behavior related to access to attention?
a. Free operant
b. Indirect only
c. MSWO
c. MSWO
197
SS Adv/ Dis Adv
- Adv: Efficiency, IDs large $ of reinforcers
| - Disadv: Prone false positives, Removal of stimuli
198
PS Adv/ Dis Adv
- Adv: More distinct rankings than SS, IDs most potent RX
| - Disadv: Prone to false negatives, Potential for side bias, Time-consuming, Removal of stimuli
199
MSW/ MSWO
Adv, Dis Adv
- Adv Brief (good for freq use)
| - DisAdv: MSW; No hierarchy, Array size limited by abilities, Removal of stimuli
200
FO
| Adv, Dis Adv
- Adv: Brief, Good if relinquishing issues
| - Dis Adv: False negatives, Relatedly, sometimes no hierarchy
201
Which type of assessment is good for frequent use?
a. Free operant
b. MSWO
c. Paired-stimulus
d. Single-stimulus
b. MSWO
202
Which assessment is the most susceptible to side bias?
a. Free operant
b. Single-stimulus
c. Paired-stimulus
c. Paired-stimulus
203
Recommendations for Conducting Preference Assessments
- Providing access contingent on selection
- Consider ecologist fit & potential effectiveness factors
- Conduct separate preference assessments for different classes of stimuli
204
Recommendations for Selecting Preference Assessments
- SS: Use if individuals has intact motor skills but cannot visually scan an array
- PS: Use if individual has scanning/ motor skills & time permits
- MSWO: Use if individual has scanning/ motor skills & time is limited
- SS or FO: Use if position bias is a persistent issue
205
Recommendations for Selecting Preference Assessments (Contd...)
- FO: Use if removal of stimuli evokes prob Bx
- PS, SS, MSWO: Use if FO evokes prob bx
- Pictorial/ verbal: Use to assess complex stimuli if individual has requisite match-to-sample skills
206
Assess Preference Often
1. Indirect method to generate a list of potential stimuli
2. Paired-stimulus to generate a stimulus hierarchy & then use intermittently
3. Conduct MSWO freq (daily or even hourly)
207
Assess Stability of Preference
- Preference shift over time
- Be aware of within-session & across-session shifts in preference
- EOs & AOs
208
Preference assessments should be completed frequently as preferences change.
a. True
b. False
a. True
209
Preferences may shift _____ sessions.
a. Within
b. Across
c. Both within & across
d. Across, but not within
c. Both within & across
210
Indirect PA
-Adv: Least effortful
| DisAdv: Subjective, Results don't always correspond to direct
211
Direct Naturalistic Observation
- Adv: Objective, More valid than indirect
| - Dis Adv: Time-consuming,. stimuli in natural env limited
212
Direct PA
- Adv: Most Accurate, Stimuli not limited
| - DisAdv: Time-consuming
