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5047 Instructors Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Outline

A
  • Preference Assessments
  • Preliminary
  • Observation based
  • Systematic Manipultions
  • Deciding
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2
Q

Preference Assessment

A

*Methods for identifying items and activities that MAY function as reinforcers

  • 3 general approaches:
  • Ask (Indirect)
  • Watch (Naturalistic Observations)
  • Test (Direct)
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3
Q

Indirect

A
  • Informant Based:
  • Can be client directly or parent/ caregiver/ teacher
  • Interviews; Forms
  • Used in inform later assessments
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4
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A
  • Decide the most relevant “free time” to observe
  • Record duration of interactions
  • Direct observations
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5
Q

Advantages of Naturalistic Observations

A
  • Does not require verbal response
  • Does not require removal
  • Does not require “trials”
  • Relevant setting
  • Can observe the manner in which they play
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6
Q

Direct preference assessments

A
  • Arranging items or activities to observe client selection and engagement
  • Data to collect:
  • Percent of selection
  • Duration of engagement
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7
Q
  • Trial-Based

- 1 or More items presented across trials & approach is measured

A
  • Single-Stimulus (Pace 85)
  • Paired-Stimulus (Fisher 92)
  • Multiple-Stimulus (Windsor, DeLeon & Iwata)
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8
Q

*Single-Stimulus-Procedures

A 
Identify items and set up
Present one at a time
Wait for approach
(If no approach: remove)
Record data
Start next trial
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9
Q

Single-Stimulus- Advantages and Disadvantages

A
  • Can identify many items
  • Prone to fasle positives
  • Don’t know the relative value
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10
Q

Paired-Stimulus

A
  • Items presented in pairs
  • All possible combinations
  • Time consuming
  • Results in a hierarchy
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11
Q

Paired- Stimulus Procedures

A
  • Present 2 items
  • Wait for approach; allow access; remove other
  • No approach: remove and represent
  • Reach for both: Block
  • Record data
  • Next trial
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12
Q

*Position Bias

A

-Continuing to select items on a particular side regardless of items present

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13
Q

*Multiple Stimulus

A
  • Present all items simultaneously
  • Participant selects one
  • More time efficient
  • Can return a hierarchy
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14
Q

*MSW - Procedure

A
  • Present all items
  • Give instruction to “choose”; remove unselected items; block attempts to grab at others
  • Record data
  • Re-present ALL items
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15
Q

*MSWO- Procedure

A
  • Present all items
  • Give instruction to “choose”; remove unselected items; block attempts to grab at others
  • Record data
  • Re-present remaining items
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16
Q

MS Limitations

A
  • Only useful with table-top items
  • Stimuli are taken away
  • No hierarchy: MSW
  • MSWO provides a hierarchy (advantage)
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17
Q

Variations

A
  • Sometimes items or activities cannot be made readily available to display
  • 2 common alternatives:
  • Vocal
  • Pictorial
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18
Q

Vocal

A
  • Options presented vocally
  • Client selects from named items/activities
  • Prerequisite:
  • Sufficient verbal behavior
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19
Q

Pictorial

A

*Provide pictures for each activity and participant can select from options

  • Prerequisite:
  • Picture-to-object matching
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20
Q

Duration-Based

A

*Rather than measuring selection, you measure the amount of time spent with items or activities

  • 2 common formats:
  • Free operant
  • Single-item
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21
Q

Free Operant - Procedures

A
  • Present all items (doesn’t have to be at the table)
  • Allow access for entire assessment time
  • Record duration with each item
  • Rank based on engagement
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22
Q

Single-item Duration

A

-Present item, start timer
-Allow up to 2 minutes of access
‘Start a 2nd timer:
When individual starts to interact
(Stop 2nd timer when they stop)
-After 2 minutes, stop timer(s) and remove items
-Record data

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23
Q

The BCBA provides the client with a list of items and has them rate their favorites. Which type of assessment is the BCBA conducting?

a. Direct
b. Indirect

A

b. Indirect

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24
Q

Which of the following is Naturalistic Observation?

a. The BCBA takes the 5 most preferred items and sets them on the table, then watches and records the duration of engagement
b. The BCBA asks teachers and caregivers to list what the client typically plays with
c. The BCBA watches a typical day at preschool and records items and duration of engagement

A

c. The BCBA watches a typical day at preschool and records items and duration of engagement

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25
A BCBA is running a single-stimulus preference assessment with their client. They items and set up at the table. They place the first item in front of the client, the client does not respond. What should the BCBA do? a. Physically guide the client to try the item b. Remove the item c. Give an instruction, “Try it out” d. Record as “incorrect”
b. Remove the item
26
Which is a limitation of single-stimulus preference assessment? a. Do not know if items listed in a checklist will match actual items selected b. Generally, does not identify many potential reinforcers c. Could not identify which of 2 concurrently available items would be more preferred d. Cannot inform a reinforcer assessment
c. Could not identify which of 2 concurrently available items would be more preferred
27
The BCBA is running a paired-stimulus PA. They present 2 items in front of the participant (book and blocks). The participant selects the book. What should the BCBA do now? a. Record the data and immediately remove both items b. Record data and allow access to the book c. Wait for the participant to lose interest and then present the blocks alone
b. Record data and allow access to the book
28
The client has had an opportunity to play with the item, BCBA has recorded the data, and now removed the item. What should the BCBA doe next? a. Re-present the same 2 items b. Present the item which was not previously selected c. Present the next planned pair of items
c. Present the next planned pair of items
29
The BCBA shows the client 5 items and allows them to select one. They provide access for a period of time and collect data. The BCBA then presents all 5 items again. Which PA method is the BCBA using? a. Single-stimulus b. Paired-stimulus c. MSW d. MSWO
c. MSW
30
The BCBA is now running a MSWO with a client. The client reaches out to grab two of the 5 items on the table. What should the BCBA do? a. Allow access to both and record data b. Wait to see which the client puts down first, then record data c. Block access and re-present d. Block access and remove both
c. Block access and re-present
31
Which items might be best assessed through vocal or pictorial assessments? a. Dolls b. Bike rides c. Playground time Cars d. Board games e. Conversations with peers
b. Bike rides c. Playground time e. Board games f. Conversations with peers
32
In which case would free operant assessment be most useful? a. A client has problem behavior related to access to attention b. A client does not approach items unless the item is direct in front of them c. A client has difficulty when items are removed
c. A client has difficulty when items are removed
33
The BCBA is conducting a single-item, duration assessment. They have presented a single item, what do they do next? a. Start a timer b. Start both timers c. Wait for client to select an item, then start 2 timers d. Allow 2 minutes of untimed access
a. Start a timer
34
The BCBA has presented a single item in front of the client. The client approaches the item, the BCBA records the approach data and permits access. Then they remove the item and present another. Which type of assessment is the BCBA using? a. Single-stimulus b. Paired-stimulus c. Single-item duration
a. Single-stimulus
35
The BCBA has ample time to conduct an assessment. They need to identify the highest preferred item, but also want a hierarchy of other possible reinforcers. There are no concerns with item removal. Which would be recommended? a. MSWO b. Paired-stimulus c. Free Operant d. Single-stimulus
b. Paired-stimulus
36
The BCBA needs to conduct a fairly quick assessment. The client has demonstrated problem behavior when items are removed. Which assessment type would likely be best to use? a. MSWO b. Free Operant c. Indirect only d. Single-stimulus
b. Free Operant
37
The BCBA want to assess preference for activities which will take a prolonged time to set up and access. What would be the best way to compare preferences? a. Use pictorial assessment b. Use paired-stimulus assessment c. Use indirect only
a. Use pictorial assessment
38
What is a Preference Assessment?
Helps identify PREFERENCES... that’s all –DO NOT ASSUME FUNCTION
39
Identifying reinforcers is a 2-step process
1. Preference Assessment | 2. Reinforcer Assessment
40
Indirect preference assessments
* “Tell me” method•Method to collect information about someone’s preferences * General types (interview, checklist, rating scales) * Can get information via: * Self-report * Caregiver nomination
41
Indirect preference assessment
* Disadvantages: - Subjective - Not reliable/ accurate - False positives (i.e.,may identify multiple items as highly preferred) * Advantages: - Easy and Fast - Narrows the field
42
*Naturalistic Observation (duration-based) Disadvantages
* Really time consuming * Potentially limited access to stimuli * Individual may only interact with one thing the whole time
43
*Naturalistic Observation (duration-based) Advantages
* Objective * Does not require a verbal repertoire * Less likely to produce PB
44
Zac sits down with his client’s mom and asks her a few questions about what his client typically spends his time doing, what food he likes, and what toys/items he typically interacts with. Zac is using (a) _______ to asses his client’s preferences. A) Naturalistic observation B )Behavioral interview C) Direct assessment D) Questionnaire
B. Behavioral interview
45
The BCBA observes her client at home for an hour. She follows her client around writing down the activities she does and items she plays with. What type of preference assessment is the BCBA using? A ) Naturalistic observation B) Behavioral interview C) Indirect assessment D) Questionnaire
A) Naturalistic Observation
46
Single Stimulus PA
*Select stimuli to include •Prep for session (have data sheets, items, clear space etc.) •Allow sampling •This ensures they are familiar with the items and approaching during assessment simply because there is a novel item present *Start Assessment Now
47
Single Stimulus PA (Cont...d) *Start Assessment Now:
•Place items in front of individual one at a time •Randomize and present each one more than once •Give them about 5 seconds to approach... -If approach let them consume/play with item for X amount of time -If not approach –remove the item -Record the data -Start next trial (do about 10 trials per item)
48
Hunter is conducting a single-stimulus preference assessment with his client Lloyd. Hunter places some Playdoh in front of Llyod and waits 5 seconds. Llyod does not touch the toy. What should Hunter do next? A )Record an approach B) Remove item and record data C) Record engagement D) Remove the item and re-present the same item18
B) Remove item and record data
49
Single Stimulus PA Trial-Based
- Presentation: Single item is presented - Measure: Approach contact or engagement - Display: Bar graph - Adv: Easy to conduct, No select/ scanning, IDs large # of stimuli, Can identify preferred stimuli - Dis-Adv: Undifferentiated responding, False positive, Removal of Stimuli
50
Paired-Stimulus Trial-Based
- Presentation: Present stimuli in pairs - Measure: Selection - Display: Bar graph - Adv: IDs potent reinforcer, Hierarchy - Dis-Adv: False negatives, Time consuming, Removal of stimuli, Side bias
51
Paired-Stimulus PA: Determining the # of Trials Formula
``` =n (n-1) / 2 =6 (6-1) / 2 =6 (5) / 2 = 30/ 2 =15 ```
52
Paired-Stimulus PA
- Select stimuli to include - Prep for session (have data sheets, determine trials and pairs ahead of time) - Allow sampling - Start sampling - Start Assessment now:
53
Paired Stimulus PA (cont...d)
-Start assessment now: -Present 2 items -Give them a chance to select one 'If selected 1 - remove the other 'If they didn't select either remove item & represent "If they grabbed both Block access -Record data -Start next trial
54
Evette needs to identify a hierarchy of preferred items for her client Rose. Evette selects 5 items based on indirect PA results. Evette creates her datasheet to ensure each item is paired with the other items and so that each item appears on the left and right side. She does this before starting the assessment.What should Evette do next when conducting this PA? A) Line up all 5 items in an array on the table and ask Rose to pick one B) Present the first pair of items to Rose and ask her to Pick one C) Present one item at a time and measure approach D) Present all 5 items and just watch Rose interact with each one
B) Present the first pair of items to Rose and ask her to Pick one
55
MSW Trial-based
- Presentation: Group of items (3 +1) - Measure: Selection - Display: Bar graph - Adv: Brief/ efficient, Provides info about single preferred stimulus, Less prone to overestimate - Dis-Adv: Removal of stimuli, May not yield hierarchy, Array size is limited
56
MSW
* Select items to include * Set up for session * Allow sampling * Start assessment now: * Place all stimuli in straight line in front of client * “Pick one” * Give access/let them eat the item * Block multiple selections •Record data * RETURNitem to array, rotate, and start next trial
57
•Linda is conducting an MSW. She selected 5 items that were identified on the indirect assessment. She placed the 5 items in a straight line in front of the client and asked him to pick one. The client picked a dinosaur. Linda allows him access and records the data. What should she do next? A) Remove the dinosaur and repeat the assessment with only 4 items B) Return the dinosaur to the array, rotate, and start next trial C) Say “good job choosing” and end the assessment D) Present each item one at a time after the first selection
B) Return the dinosaur to the array, rotate, and start next trial
58
MSWO Trial-Based
- Presentation: Group of items (3+) - Measure: Selection - Display: Bar graph - Adv: Brief/ efficient (good for frequent use), Yields hierarchy - Dis-Adv: Removal of stimuli. Array size is limited, Limited to tabletop items
59
MSWO
* Select items to include * Set up for session•Allow sampling * Start assessment here:•Place all stimuli in straight line in front of client * “Pick one” * Give access/let them eat the item * Block multiple selections * Record data * REMOVE the item they chose from array, rotate, and start next trial
60
Krista is assessing her client’s preference of 10 different items she selected to include in the assessment. Krista first puts a few blocks on the table in front of her client and records if he approaches them. Then Krista removes the blocks and puts some cars on the table in front of him and records if he plays with it. She continues this pattern until all 10 items have been assessed. Which preference assessment is Krista using? A) Paired-stimulus B) MSWO C) MSW D) Single-stimulus
D. Single-Stimulus
61
Aiden is assessing Mindy’s preference of 6 different items. He lines up the 6 items on a table in front of Mindy and asks her to select one of the items. Mindyselects a cheese puff. Aiden grabs another cheese puff and replaces the one that Mindy consumed. Aiden then presents another trial by presenting the 6 items again in front of Mindy on the table and asks hertoselect one. Which preference assessment is Aiden using? A) Paired-stimulus B) MSWO C) MSW D) Single-stimulus
C) MSW
62
-Vocal Ask Vocally
-Individual must have prerequisite skills: auditory match-to-sample -Adv: FAST, use to asses items that cannot be placed on tabletops DisAdv: indirect measure [self-report may not be accurate]
63
-Pictorial Use Pictures
- Individual must have prerequisite skills: picture-to-object matching (and the others: scanning, approach, positional bias potential) - Adv: FAST (no time spent on consumption), use to assess items that cannot be placed on tabletops, no vocal response required - Disdv: same as multiple stimulus and PS format
64
Abby’s client is motivated by social interaction. She particularly loves piggyback rides, tickles, horsey rides, and playing catch. Given this information, which preference assessment makes the most sense for Abby to use? A) MSWO B) MSWO with pictorial stimuli C) Single-stimulus D) You cannot assess
B) MSWO with pictorial stimuli
65
How to select items for inclusion
* Is it ok to use? * Is it ok to withhold? * Easily replenishable? * Cost? * Does it make sense in the natural environment? * Does effectiveness diminish quickly * Does the delivery disrupt ongoing bx?Sessions? * Are there any detrimental effects?
66
Free Operant
-Format: Free Operant -Presentation: Group -Measure: Duration or Partial-interval -Adv: Brief/efficient, Good if relinquishing issues (less PB), No issue /of position bias Dis-Adv: False negative, Sometimes no hierarchy
67
Single-item
-Format: Trial-based -Presentation: Single item is presented -Measure: Duration of engagement -Display: Bar graph Dis: No issue of position bias, If results of another method show flat distribution you can use to clarify results
68
Free Operant
* Select stimuli in advance, prepare data sheet, have timer ready * Decide on how long they will be presented for (5 min, 10) - Start assessment now: - Present multiple item at once - Allow free access - Time how long client engages with each item (Duration/ partial interval) - Ranked based on duration of engagement
69
Single-ITEM duration preference assessment
•Similar to the single stimulus preference assessment Present one item and start 2-minute trial timer •Start a SECOND timer when the client starts to engage with the item •Essentially you are timing how long they interact with the item within a 2-minute window •Stop second timer when they stop interacting OR stop both timers at the end of 2-minutes -Remove item -Record data
70
Nick conducted a single-stimulus preference assessment but unfortunately his client approached every single item yielding a flat distribution. What assessment can Nick use now to help clarify the results and provide a hierarchy? A) Indirect assessment B) MSW C) Single-item duration D) Naturalistic observation
C) Single-item duration
71
Nina starts assessing her client’s preference by putting 4 toys in front of her client. She starts a timer when her client starts playing with one of the toys and stops the timer when he moves on to a different toy and immediately starts the timer again for timing how long sheplays with the next toy. Nina records the length of time her client interacts with each toy. Which preference assessment is Nina using? A) MSWO B) Paired-stimulus C) Free operant D) Single-stimulus
C) Free operant
72
Lauren has a new client who will play with absolutely anything that is available. The client seems to have a large array of preferred items and Lauren wants to start off by narrowing the field. Which assessment can she use to do this? A) MSWO B) Indirect C) Paired Stimulus
B) Indirect
73
Frank needs to use a preference assessment frequently throughout a 3-hour session with his client. Which would be the best method for Frank to use given he only has 3 hours and needs to run the assessment 2-3 times? A) Paired-stimulus B) MSWO C) Naturalistic observation D) Indirect method
B) MSWO
74
Michael has excellent motor skills but is unable to visually scan an array of items when multiple items are placed in front of him. Which assessment should be used? A) Paired-stimulus B) MSWO C) Free operant D) Single-stimulus
D) Single-stimulus
75
Manuel has excellent motor skills and is able tovisually scan an array of items when multiple items are placed in front of him. The BCBA and client are not pressed for time and are able to spent some time running the appropriate assessment. There is no threat of position bias. Which one should the BCBA select? A) Free operant B) Paired-stimulus C) MSW D) Single-stimulus
B) Paired-stimulus
76
George has toconduct a preference assessment for his client. His client tends to engage in aggression towards the therapist when the therapist takes away an item that he is playing with. George’s main concerns is to identify a preferred item(s). He doesn’t care too much about identifying a hierarchy at this point in time. Which preference assessment would be the most appropriate? A) MSWO B) Paired-stimulus C) Free operant D) Single-stimulus
C) Free operant
77
Rudy needs to conduct a preference assessment for his client. Rudy needs a variety of items that may function as a reinforcer that he can use throughout his 1:1 session. He doesn’t really care about identifying a hierarchy and his client has issues with making a selectionwhen presented with options. Considering all these variables, which preference assessment would be the most appropriate? A) MSWO B) Paired stimulus C) Single-item duration D) Paired stimulus using pictures
C) Single-item duration
78
Preference Assessment: Methods for identifying an individual’s preference for items and/or activities that may function as reinforcers in actual training/ treatment
•Conducted under low effort requirements with simplistic responses –i.e.SPA do NOT guarantee utility of a stimulus as a R+ in actual training/Tx –Stimulus Preference Assessment and Reinforcer assessment are NOT the same thing!
79
3 Methods to Identify Preferences
* Indirect-informant based (ASK) * Naturalistic-“in-vivo”direct observation of behavior in the environment (WATCH) * Reinforcer sampling (OFFER)
80
Indirect Preference Assessment
* Informant-based assessment that provides information about an individual’s preference for tangible items and/or activities * Ask client or CG what items the client prefers * Use scale, survey, inventory checklist
81
Indirect Preference Assessment
* Advantages: Easy & Quick to complete * Disadvantages: May identify multiple items/ activities as high preference - Not necessarily accurate
82
-Naturalistic Observation
- Direct assessment | - Collecting data in the natural env to find high probability bxs
83
-Naturalistic Observation
- Advantage: - R+ not withdrawn & therapist not presenting demand "choose one" so might decrease likelihood of prob bx - Disadvantages: - Time consuming, Potential limited access to stimuli, May only engage with a few items
84
In order to identify Johnny’s reinforcers, Matt decides to ask Johnny’s mother what he likes. Asking Johnny’s mom would be an example of: A .Indirect B. Naturalistic C. Trial-based D. Duration-based
A. Indirect
85
Matt decided to set Johnny up in an enriched environment. Matt collected data on items in the room including known preferred toys, activities, and foods. Matt then collected data on approach and duration of engagement. What type of preference assessment did Matt conduct? A. Multiple stimulus B. Single stimulus C. Paired choice D. Naturalistic observation
D. Naturalistic observation
86
Structured Preference Assessment Methods
* Direct: Observation-based assessment that provides information about an individual’s preference for tangible items and/or activities * Trial/selection-based * Duration based
87
Trial-based Preference Assessment
•Direct preference assessment in which one or more items is/are presented across trials and approach is measured
88
Trial-Based Preference Assessment
``` •Single Stimulus •Paired-choice •Multiple stimulus –With replacement –Without replacement ```
89
Single-Stimulus Preference Assessment
•Place items, one at a time in front of the person –Typically, 10 trials per item •Measure whether they approach the item •Hierarchy based on the number of times an item was approached given the number of times it was available: –Approaches/trials
90
Single-Stimulus Preference Assessment -Advantages
–Good for individuals with severe deficits –Does not require scanning an array, making a choice –May assess larger numbers of stimuli
91
Single-Stimulus Assessment •Disadvantages
–Difficult to identify info about relative preferences –Undifferentiated approach may produce false positives •Select anything in front of them, items may not actually function as reinforcers later
92
The following problem(s) are associated with the single stimulus method ``` A .indiscriminate responses B. potential for false positives C. potential for false negatives D. A and B E.A and C ```
D. A and B
93
Adele is conducting a single-stimulus preference assessment. She places an action figure in front of her client, and they pick it up and look at it. What should Adele do next? A .Place the next toy on the table B. Take the action figure back from the client C. record the engagement with the item D. wait for the child to stop playing with the toy
C. record the engagement with the item
94
Paired-Stimulus Assessment
* Paired (forced) choice * Place items, two at a time in front of the person * Trials continue until each item has been paired with each other item once (all possible pair-wise permutations) * Number of trials = n (n-1) / 2 •Record which item they approached each trial
95
Paired-Stimulus Assessment | Cont...d
-Hierarchy based on the number of times an item was approached given the number of times it was available: •Approaches/trials
96
Paired-Stimulus Assessment Advantages
–Greatest differentiation among stimuli –Most accurate –provides preference hierarchy
97
Paired-Stimulus Assessment Disadvantage
–Very time consuming –Potential for side/position bias •Item chosen due to position
98
Paired-stimulus Formats
•Ta n g i b l e-Present actual item •Vocal-No item presented, just ask• Pictorial-present picture of activity
99
Adele is conducting a paired-stimulus preference assessment. She places a doll and a small dragon in front of her client, and the client picks up the dragon. The next time Adele presents the dragon it should be: A. in the same position and presented with the doll B. in the other position and presented with the doll C. in the same position and presented with a different toy D. in the other position and presented with a different toy
D. in the other position and presented with a different toy
100
Multiple Stimulus Assessment
•Least time consuming •Array of stimuli presented simultaneously & approach measured •May still be limited in the # of stimuli that can be assessed• 2 Variations –With item replacement (MSW) –Without item replacement (MSWO)
101
Multiple Stimulus With Replacement
•Selected items are returned to the array after each presentation •Provides info on the most preferred stimulus or stimuli –False Negative
102
Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement
•Selected items removed from and not returned to the array •provides more information about preferences among the array •May see “save the best for last” phenomenon –Reverse hierarchy
103
Matt has 10 toys for which he would like to determine his client’s preference. He places a toy on the table, and records whether the client engages with it. Then he replaces the toy with the next. He repeats this until each toy has been presented 10 times. Matt is conducting which preference assessment procedure? A. Single stimulus B. Paired choice C. Multiple stimulus with replacement D. Multiple stimulus without replacement
A. Single Stimulus
104
Matt presented five items to his client and recorded which items the client selected. He then presented the remaining 4 items, then the remaining three, then the last two. This is an example of which preference assessment procedure: A. Single stimulus B. Paired choice C. Multiple stimulus with replacement D. Multiple stimulus without replacement
D. Multiple stimulus without replacement
105
Matt presents two items at a time to his client until all items have been paired, and records which items the client selects each time. This is an example of which preference assessment procedure: A. Single stimulus B. Paired choice C. Multiple stimulus with replacement D. Multiple stimulus without replacement
B. Paired choice
106
Matt assessed an array of five items to his client several times. His client kept selecting the same item every time. Matt conducted which preference assessment procedure? A. Single stimulus B. Paired choice C. Multiple stimulus with replacement D. Multiple stimulus without replacement
C. Multiple stimulus with replacement
107
Duration-Based Preference Assessment
•When trial-based methods do not yield differentiated results, looking at the amount/ proportion of time spent engaging with the item may help determine relative preferences. •Two types: –Free Operant –Single Item Duration
108
Free Operant Preference Assessment
* Present specific items simultaneously, and measure duration (or partial interval) of engagement with each item * Differs slightly from naturalistic observation, in that we provide items
109
Free Operant Preference Assessment Advantages
–Faster than paired stimulus –Less likelihood of problem behavior evoked by denied access/removal– No position bias
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Free Operant Preference Assessment Disadvantages
–Prone to false negatives –May not produce a preference hierarchy
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Single-Item Duration Preference Assessment Present one item at a time, measure duration of engagement
*Advantages–May help clarify results if selection-based approaches result in semi-equal selection across items •Disadvantage–May be more time consuming than other methods
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Matt set up a variety of toys on the table in front of his client and recorded the duration of time they spent engaging with each. Which preference assessment procedure did Matt conduct? A. Free operant B. Multiple stimulus C. Naturalistic observation D. Single-stimulus duration
A. Free Operant
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Matt has 5 toys for which he would like to determine his client’s preference. He places a toy on the table, and for two minutes, records the duration of time the client engages with it. At the end of two minutes, he replaces the toy with the next and starts the timer again. Matt is conducting which preference assessment procedure? A. Free operant B. Multiple stimulus C. Naturalistic observation D. Single-stimulus duration
D. Single-Stimulus duration
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Considerations in Selecting Preference Assessments
•Individual’s abilities –Scanning an array, physical limitations that may lead to position bias –Visual discriminations, match to sample, auditory match to sample, verbal •Indirect/Informant based–Low quality–Efficient–Good start: generate a list of items to test *Problem Bx *Time availability/ Efficiency of methods *Quality/ Predictive accuracy
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Considerations in Selecting Preference Assessments
•Indirect/Informant based –Low quality –Efficient –Good start: generate a list of items to test
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Considerations in Selecting Preference Assessments
•Naturalistic observation –Identifies high preference items, prone to false negatives –Time consuming –Not likely to evoke prob bx maintained by access to tangibles (no denied access/removal) –May evoke attention-seeking bx
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Considerations in Selecting Preference Assessments •Single Stimulus
–Prone to false positives: individuals just engage with everything –Efficient– Able to assess larger numbers of items –Good for individuals who cannot scan an array –Denied access/removal may evoke problem behavior
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Considerations in Selecting Preference Assessments *Paired Choice
–Most accurate hierarchy –Time consuming –Can be subject to position bias –Requires ability to scan an array match to sample, or auditory match to sample if using complex stimuli (pictorial or verbal) –Denied access/removal may evoke problem behavior
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Considerations in Selecting Preference Assessments •MSW
–Yields high preference items, prone to false negatives –Efficient –Requires ability to scan an array, make a choice –Denied access/removal may evoke problem behavior
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Considerations in Selecting Preference Assessments •MSWO
–Yields relative preference hierarchy –Efficient: great for daily use –Requires ability to scan an array, make a choice –Denied access/removal may evoke problem behavior
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Considerations in Selecting Preference Assessments *Free Operant
–Yields high preference items, prone to false negatives –Efficient –Does not requires ability to scan an array –Not likely to evoke problem behavior maintained by tangibles (No denied access/removal) –May evoke attention-seeking behavior
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Direct Preference Assessments Naturalistic Observation
*Measure engagement with items/activities in their natural environment
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Direct Preference Assessments
* Trial-based Methods - Measure approach/contact/ engagement of presented items * Duration-based Methods - Measure proportion of time spent engaged with presented items
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David sits with his new client Lindsay and asks about her interests, hobbies, and favorite activities. David wants to use this information to generate a list of potential reinforcers that can be furthered assessed. This is an example of a(n) _____ preference assessment. A. Direct B. Indirect
B. Indirect
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Which of the following is an example of a naturalistic observation being used to assess preference? A. Holmes ask Sherlock to provide a list of favorite snacks and drinks B. Holmes places different types and flavors of biscuits in front of Sherlock in pairs and notes which is selected C. Holmes places difference puzzles in front of Sherlock and notes how long he spends with them of the 2 minutes allotted D. Holmes notes that Sherlock spends a lot of time playing violin while in his flat/apartment
D. Holmes notes that Sherlock spends a lot of time playing violin while in his flat/ apartment
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Jasmine places some green slime in front of Adam for 5 seconds. Adam never approaches the slime. What should Jasmine do next when conducting a single-stimulus preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Remove item and record data C. Present the next item D. Re-present the item
B. Remove item and record data
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Sally’s client has selected from the presented items and Sally has scored the trial. What should Sally do next when conducting a paired- stimulus preference assessment? A. Remove items and re-present B. Present the next pair of items C. Present all items being assessed in an array
B. Present the next pair of items
128
Iona reaches for several items from the array that Evie presented. What should Evie do next when conducting a multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Block access and re-present C. Present next trial with same array of items D. Present next trial without the selected item
B. Block access and re-present
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Enya places a gummy worm, potato chip, Rolo, and piece of popcorn in front of Sean. Sean selects and consumes the gummy worm and Enya marks this selection on her data sheet. What should Enya do next when conducting a multiple stimulus with replacement preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Block access and re-present C. Present next trial with same array of items D. Present next trial without the selected item
C. Present next trial with same array of items
130
Sally is running a MSWO PA with a client. She presents a stuffed animal, a puzzle, a cloth book, and light-up rolling toy. The client selects the cloth book. Which of the following should be presented on the next trial: A. Stuffed animal B. Puzzle C. Cloth book D. Light-up rolling toy
A. Stuffed animal B. Puzzle D. Light-up rolling toy
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Which of the following is the least time efficient preference assessment method? A. Single stimulus B. Paired stimulus C. MSW D. MSWO
B. Paired stimulus
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Roseanna is conducting a preference assessment with Jimmie in which she presents 5 different toys and marks which toy Jimmie selects. Roseanna presents the same array of 5 toys but in counterbalanced positions on each trial. Which method of preference assessment? A. Single-stimulus B. Paired-stimulus C. Multiple stimulus with replacement D. Multiple stimulus without replacement
C. Multiple stimulus with replacement
133
In a preference assessment that Grant is conducting with his client Kelis he presents snack items two at a time and notes which is selected on each trial. Grant ensures each snack item is presented with each other snack item at least one time and that all items appear in both the left and right positions a roughly equal proportion of trials. Which method of preference assessment? A. Single-stimulus B. Paired-stimulus C. Multiple stimulus with replacement D. Multiple stimulus without replacement
B. Paired- stimulus
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Typically, if edible items are included in a preference assessment with leisure items: A. Edible items will be picked over leisure items B. Leisure items will be picked over edible items C. Neither of these
A. Edible items will be picked over leisure items
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What if I Can’t Put it on a Table? What are some things that can’t easily be placed in an array/ presented?
* Activities (e.g., visiting the museum, playing a game) * Social stimuli (e.g., hugs, tickles) * Larger items (e.g., a trampoline, a pool) - Then what? * Vocal PA in a paired-stimulus arrangement * Pictorial PA in a paired-stimulus or MSWO arrangement
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If items or activities cannot be physically placed before the client than what type of preference assessment may be used: A. MSWO B. Caregiver report C. Pictorial assessment D. Paired stimulus
C. Pictorial assessment
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* Some Preference Assessments | - Trial-Based Preference Assessments
- Single Stimulus Preference Assessment - Paired Stimulus Preference e Assessment - Multiple Stimulus with (& Without) Replacement - Duration-Based Preference Assessment - Free-Operant Preference Assessment - Single-Item Duration Preference Assessment
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Preference Assessment Methods Free-Operant Preference Assessment
* Array of items presented all at once * All items available for interaction during entire interval * No stimuli are removed during interval * Measure interaction (duration or interval measures-PIR used in Roane et al., 1998) * Up-side: Time-efficient, No removal of items, no influence from side bias * Down-side: False negatives, sometimes no hierarchy
139
Which of the following is accurate of conducting a free operant preference assessment? A. Items are removed when not selected B. The only measure that can be used is duration C. Weonlyuseitemsalreadyinthat environment D. A client may spend all of assessment time with one item
D. A client may spend all of assessment time with one item
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Preference Assessment Methods Single-Item Duration Preference Assessment
*Single item presented at a time • During interval with item participant can interact freely with item • Measure duration of interaction during *2m interval • Use: May help clear up unclear preference assessment results
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The primary difference between single stimulus PAs and single-item duration PAs is: A. The measure used B. The necessity to remove items C. The items included for assessment
A. The measure used
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Soren is working with Zayden who tends to only select items on their right. Soren arranges a playroom with a variety of potential reinforcers and observers Zayden’s engagement. Every 10 seconds Soren places a checkmark on the data sheet for that interval next to every item Zayden interacted with during that time. Which method of preference assessment? A. Free operant B. Single-item duration C. Neither of these
A. Free operant
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Susan is beginning a research project at a preschool. For each participant she wants to identify items likely to function as powerful reinforcers. Susan has allotted plenty of time to complete this as it is an important step to the rest of her research project. Susan’s participants do not appear to engage in problem behavior when items are removed and none of them exhibit position bias. Which of the following preference assessments would be most appropriate? A. Free operant B. Paired stimulus C. Single-stimulus D. Multiple stimulus with replacement
B. Paired stimulus
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Chance has received a list of a large variety of potential reinforcers for his client Kodi. It’s not reasonable for Kodi to scan an array as large as the list and Chance wants to narrow this list down quickly before doing a more time intensive assessment. Additionally, the list includes a sub-section of things that are social in nature or activities. Which of the following preference assessments would be most appropriate? A. Single-stimulus B. Paired-stimulus C. Multiple stimulus with replacement D. Multiple stimulus without replacement
A. Single-Stimulus
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Robin needs a quick assessment that can be done multiple times a session if needed and will provide a hierarchy of client preferences. Her client, Barney, can scan an array and removing items isn’t really a concern. Which of the following preference assessments would be most appropriate? ``` A. Single-stimulus B. Paired-stimulus C. Single-item duration D. Multiple stimulus with replacement E. Multiple stimulus without replacement ```
E. Multiple stimulus without replacement
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Preference assessments are used to identify: A. Incompatible behaviors B. Functional reinforcers C. Learner-specific preferences D. Relevant punishers
C. Learner-specific preferences
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Preference assessments allow us to _____ reinforcers. A. Be certain of B. Make predictions about C. Pair novel
B. Make predictions about
148
Jeanette is conducting a MSW PA with a client. She presents a cheez doodle, a fish cracker, a skittle, and a gummy bear. The client selects the cheez doodle. Which stimuli should Jeanette present in the next trial: A. Cheez doodle B. Fish cracker C. Skittle D. Gummy bear
A. Cheez doodle B. Fish cracker C. Skittle D. Gummy bear
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Which preference assessment methodologies provide preference hierarchies: A. Single stimulus B. Paired stimulus C. Multiple stimulus with replacement D. Multiple stimulus without replacement
B. Paired stimulus D. Multiple stimulus without replacement
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If an item is not ranked highly during an MSWO it may still have reinforcing value. A. True B. False
A. True
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What pre-requisite skills must our clients have if we are going to use a pictorial assessment? A. Match-to-sample repertoire B. Attend to a large number of stimuli C. Vocal verbal repertoire
A. Match-to-sample repertoire
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Functions of Appetitive Stimuli
- sR+ = Contingent presentation strengthens Bx - sP- = Contingent removal weaken Bx - EO for sP- = Abates Bx that has terminated it
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An appetitive is a stimulus that: A. Functions as positive Rx when presented contingent on a response B. Functions as negative punishment when terminated contingent on a response C. Abates bx that has terminated it in the past D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D All of the Above
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Process For Identifying Reinforcers
1. Preference Assessment | 2. Reinforcer Assessment
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Preference Assessment Methods
1. Indirect (Informant-based) 2. Direct Naturalistic Observation 3. Empirical (Stimulus Sampling)
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Which of the following is a types of indirect preference assessment method? ``` A. Checklist B. Free operant C. Naturalistic observation D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
A. Checklist B. Frees operant is direct empirical method c. Naturalistic observation is direct descriptive
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Charlie passes out a form to each student in his 5th grade classroom to choose on a scale of 1-10 how valuable each activity is to them (computer time, free choice, pizza party, etc.). This is an example of which type of preference assessment? A. Direct B. Indirect
B. Indirect –What type? Self-report through questionnaire
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Utilizing an indirect (informant-based) preference assessment methods provide enough information to identify useful reinforcers. A. True B. False
B. False What is the utility of these types of assessments (including the RAISD)? ◦ Determine what stimuli to include in the formal preference assessment
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Empirical Preference Assessment Methods Variations
1. Types of Stimuli: Edible or Leisure 2. Format of session: Trials or Duration 3. Number of Stimuli: Single, Paired, Multiple 4. Index of Preference: Selection or interaction
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Which of the following is a types of direct and empirical trial-based preference assessment method? ``` A. Multiple stimulus B. Paired stimulus C. Single item D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
E. A and B but not C c. Single item (direct empirical but duration-based
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Overview of Preference Assessment Methodology
-1985 (Pace): Single Stimulus, Find reinforcers -1992 (Fisher): Paired stimulus, Create hierarchy -1994 (Windsor); Mult știm w/R, Efficiency -1996 (DeLeon): Mult știm w/out R, More Stimuli DURATION-BASED: -1998 (Roane): Free operant, No Removal -1999 (DeLeon): Single item, Clarify results
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Lola presents items two at a time to her client and scores which item the learner selects on her data sheet. This is an example of what type of preference assessment? A. Direct B. Indirect
A. Direct What type? –Direct empirical (paired-stimulus)
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Which of the following accurately describes the first step for conducting a paired-stimulus preference assessment? A. Dot presents a single item in front of Rick B. Dot presents a pair of items in front of Rick C. Dot presents an array of 6 items in front of Rick
B. Dot presents a pair of items in front of Rick
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Dot places a potato chip and a cheese puff in front of Rick. Rick attempts to select both. What should Dot do next when conducting a paired-stimulus preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Remove items and re-present C. Block access and re-present D. Present the next pair of items
C. Block access and re-present
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Dot places a peanut butter cup and an M&M in front of Rick. Rick does not select either. What should Dot do next when conducting a paired- stimulus preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Remove items and re-present C. Block access and re-present D. Present the next pair of items
B. Remove items and re-present
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Brendan presents 7 different snack items to Emily. Emily points to the Skittle. What type of preference assessment is Brendan conducing?
*Trial-Based (Multiple stimulus)
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Brendan presents 7 different snack items to Emily. Emily points to the Skittle. What should Brendan do next when conducting a multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Block access and re-present C. Present next trial with same array of items D. Present next trial without the selected item
A. Allow access and record data
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–Brendan places a mark next to Skittles to indicate that this item was selected and allows Emily to consume the items. What should Brendan do next when conducting a multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Block access and re-present C. Present next trial with same array of items D. Present next trial without the selected item
D. Present next trial without the selected item
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The multiple stimulus with replacement preference assessment method produces a hierarchy of preferred stimuli. A. True B. False
B. False Why not? When the most preferred stimulus is put back in the array, the client may choose it over and over again (to the exclusion of all others)
170
Bella brings her new client into a playroom, where there is a large array of toys and activities available (e.g., a trampoline, a ball-pit, a car ramp, etc.). Bella sits in the corner and records the amount of time this client spends interacting with items or engaged in activities. This is an example of which type of preference assessment? A. Direct B. Indirect
A. Direct –What type? Duration-based (free operant)
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Which of the following is true of free operant preference assessments? A. Learner is allowed access to all available items during assessment B. Data is collected based on duration of engagement with each item C. Items are ranked according to the percentage of times they were selected when presented D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
E. A and B but not C
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John is a BCBA conducting a preference assessment with Leslie. John holds out a toy car and Leslie immediately grabs it. What should John do next when conducting a single-stimulus preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Remove item and record data C. Present the next item D. Block access and re-present
A. Allow access and record data
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Removal of stimulus is a disadvantage of which stimulus preference assessment method: ``` A. Single stimulus B. Paired stimulus C. Multiple stimulus with and without replacement D. All of the above E. AandBbutnotC ```
D. All of the above -What does this mean? ◦ After selecting an item, client gets access for a brief period but then the stimulus is removed for the next trial (may cause problem behavior) -What can we do if we have relinquishing issues? ◦ Free operant preference assessment
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Assessment variation where the stimuli are presented vocally, and the selection response is made by vocally choosing a stimulus
G. Vocal preference assessment
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Which of the following is an advantage of indirect preference assessments? ``` A. Can provide information about ecological fit B. Helps to narrow the field C. Objective and reliable D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
E. A and B but not C
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Dot scores that Rick selected the potato chip on her data sheet. What should Dot do next when conducting a paired-stimulus preference assessment? ``` A. Allow access and record data B. Remove items and re-present C. Block access and re-present D. Present the next pair of items E. Present the cheese puff alone ```
D. Present the next pair of items
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Preference assessments are methods for identifying an individual’s preferences for tangible items or activities. A. True B. False
A. True
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Which of the following is an advantage of the multiple stimulus with and without replacement preference assessment methods: ``` A. Brief B. Good for frequent use C. Array size limited by abilities D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
E. A and B but not C
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Preference assessment method in which three or more items are presented to the individual, and the item selected is removed from the array prior to the next trial ``` A. Free operant B. Multiple-stimulus with replacement C. Multiple-stimulus without replacement D. Paired-stimulus E. Position bias F. Single-item duration G. Single-stimulus ```
A. Multiple- stimulus without replacement
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Reinforcement always works. A. True B. False
A. True *Reinforcement is an effect, not a thing.
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In order to make predictions, an assumption related to preference assessments is that higher preference stimuli are more likely to function as reinforcers. A. True B. False
A. True
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Which of the following accurately describes the first step for conducting a single-stimulus preference assessment? A. John presents a single item in front of Leslie B. John presents a pair of items in front of Leslie C. John presents an array of 5 items in front of Leslie
A. John presents a single item in front of Leslie
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Why is reinforcer identification important? A. Reinforcement is essential for acquisition B. Reinforcers are idiosyncratic C. Individuals may not respond to conditioned reinforcement D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
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Which of the following is an advantage of the single stimulus preference assessment method: ``` A. Efficiency B. Ability to identify a large number of reinforcers C. Prone to false positives D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
E. A and B but not C
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Preference assessment method in which a single item is presented for a period of time and approach with the item is measured
G. Single - stimulus
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Operant behavior is selected and brought under control by a combination of antecedents & consequences but is primarily under the control of its antecedents. A. True B. False
B. False | Consequences
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The single-item duration preference assessment is most similar to the _____ preference assessment. A. Single-stimulus B. Paired-stimulus C. Multiple stimulus with replacement
A. Single-stimulus
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Kanaan marks on his data sheet that Akela selected the blocks. What should Kanaan do next when conducting a multiple stimulus with replacement preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Block access and re-present C. Present next trial with same array of items D. Present next trial without the selected item
C. Present next trial with same array of items
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What is an advantage of (direct) naturalistic observation preference assessments: ``` A. Objective B. Accommodates a range of stimuli C. Time consuming D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
E. A and B but not C
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of the free-operant preference assessment method: ``` A. Brief B. Good if client has issues with relinquishing C. Prone to false negatives D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
C. Prone to False negative
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Evident when the selection of stimuli in a preference assessment is controlled by location rather than the items themselves
-Position Bias
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C&P Review: What process?
-Variation --> Interaction with the env ---> Differential replication
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Which of the following is an advantage of indirect preference assessments? ``` A. Requires vocal verbal skills B. Simple and efficient to conduct C. Subjective and reliable D. All of the above E. A and B but not ```
B. Simple and efficient to conduct
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Which of the following accurately describes the first step for conducting a multiple stimulus (with or without replacement) preference assessment? A. Kanaan places one item at a time in front of Akela B. Kanaan places pairs of items in front of Akela C. Kanaan places all six items being assessed in front of Akela
C. Kanaan places all six items being assessed in front of Akela
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What is an advantage of (direct) naturalistic observation preference assessments: ``` A. Objective B. Time consuming C. Limited access to stimuli D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
A. Objective (Based on direct observation)
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Each stimulus is presented with every other stimulus (two at a time) in a random order; approaches to both stimuli are blocked This describes which format for assessing preference: ``` A. Single stimulus assessment B. Paired stimulus assessment C. Multiple stimulus with replacement D. Multiple stimulus without replacement E. Free operant assessment F. Single-item duration assessment ```
B. Paired stimulus assessment How are results presented? ◦ Percent of approach (number of times selected divided by number of times presented); creates a hierarchy of relative preference
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Preference assessment method in which multiple stimuli are provided simultaneously and the duration of engagement with items is measured ``` A. Free operant B. Multiple-stimulus with replacement C. Multiple-stimulus without replacement D. Paired-stimulus E. Position bias F. Single-item duration G. Single-stimulus ```
A. Free operant
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Which type of selection involves repeated cycles occur of behavioral variability with specific responses selected by immediate contingent consequences and are repeated (reproduced) across time: A. Natural B. Operant C. Respondent D. Cultural
B. Operant
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Kanaan is working with Akela, a client with very little verbal skills. He goes to Akela’s home and watches her play with her siblings and notes which toys or activities she engages with. This is an example of which type of preference assessment? A. Direct B. Indirect
A, Direct What type? –Naturalistic observation
200
Kanaan places an assortment of 6 toys in front of Akela: a book, a stuffed whale, a light-up ball, a toy car, a puzzle, and some blocks. Akela selects the blocks. What should Kanaan do next when conducting a multiple stimulus with replacement preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Block access and re-present C. Present next trial with same array of items D. Present next trial without the selected item
A. Allow access and recored data
201
Which of the following is a general approach to conducting preference assessment: ``` A. Indirect (informant-based) B. Direct naturalistic observation C. Empirical (stimulus sampling) D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
D. All of the above
202
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the single stimulus preference assessment method: ``` A. Efficiency B. Ability to identify a large number of reinforcers C. Prone to false positives D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
C. Prone to false positives What does this mean? ◦ May identify stimuli as potential reinforcers that will not function as reinforcers ◦ In other words, people may approach anything when it is presented alone; this does not necessarily mean that they will work to access that item
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Direct preference assessment in which one or more items is/are presented across trials and approach is measured ``` A. Direct preference assessment B. Direct preference assessment C. Duration-based preference assessment D. Indirect preference assessment E. Naturalistic observation for preference assessment F. Pictorial preference assessment G. Trial-based preference assessment H. Vocal preference assessment ```
G. Trial-based preference assessment
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Stimuli can be reinforcers independent of their effects on behavior. A. True B. False
B. False -CAN NOT
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Which of the following is a limitation of naturalistic observation for preference assessment? ``` A. May be limited in stimuli for inclusion B. Time-consuming and subjective C. Unlikely to produce problem behavior D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
A. May be limited in stimuli for inclusion -B (Objective) and C are advantages
206
Brendan presents 7 different snack items to Emily. Emily uses her arm to try to swipe all the items from the table. What should Brendan do next when conducting a multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Block access and re-present C. Present next trial with same array of items D. Present next trial without the selected item
B. Block access and re-present
207
Systematic preference assessment; includes a number of procedural variations This describes which general approach to conducting preference assessment: A. Indirect (informant-based) B. Direct naturalistic observation C. Empirical (stimulus sampling)
C. Empirical (Stimulus sampling)
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In each trial, one item is presented by itself; approach responses (within five seconds) are scored This describes which format for assessing preference: ``` A. Single stimulus assessment B. Paired stimulus assessment C. Multiple stimulus with replacement D. Multiple stimulus without replacement E. Free operant assessment F. Single-item duration assessment ```
A. Single stimulus assessment
209
Informant-based assessment that provides information about an individual’s preference for tangible items and/or activities ``` A. Direct preference assessment B. Duration-based preference assessment C. Indirect preference assessment D. Naturalistic observation for preference assessment E. Pictorial preference assessment F. Trial-based preference assessment ```
C. Indirect preference assessment
210
Reinforcers can be ___ stimuli. ``` A. Visual B. Auditory C. Olfactory D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
D. All of the above
211
John is a BCBA conducting a preference assessment with Leslie. John holds out a dinosaur toy for 5 seconds and Leslie at no point selects the item. What should John do next when conducting a single-stimulus preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Remove item and record data C. Present the next item D. Cease presenting that item during the assessment
B. Remove item and record data
212
How are pictorial preference assessments used?
*To include activities that would be difficult to present in a standard assessment • What prerequisite skill is required? • Matching
213
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the multiple stimulus with and without replacement preference assessment methods: ``` A. Brief B. Good for frequent use C. Array size limited by abilities D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
C. Array size limited by abilities
214
Observation-based (empirical) assessment that provides information about an individual’s preference for tangible items and/or activities ``` A. Direct preference assessment B. Duration-based preference assessment C. Indirect preference assessment D. Naturalistic observation for preference assessment E. Pictorial preference assessment ```
A. Direct Preference assessment
215
Which of the following is true of reinforcement? Reinforcement: ``` A. Always works B. Is an effect C. Increases or maintains responding D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
D. All of the above
216
An indirect preference assessment may be completed through: ``` A. Nomination by caregivers B. Self-report of consumer C. Direct observation D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
E. A and B but not C
217
Kanaan places an assortment of 6 toys in front of Akela: a book, a stuffed whale, a light-up ball, a toy car, a puzzle, and some blocks. Akela attempts to grab both the whale and the light-up ball. What should Kanaan do next when conducting a multiple stimulus with replacement preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Block access and re-present C. Present next trial with same array of items D. Present next trial without the selected item
B. Block access and re-present
218
Although verbal self-reports of preferences don’t map on to actual choices, caregiver nomination of preferred stimuli have shown high correspondence with empirical assessments. A. True B. False
B. False Neither strategy is an accurate predictor of actual reinforcers
219
Preference assessment method in which three or more items are presented to the individual, and the item selected is returned to the array prior to the next trial ``` A. Free operant B. Multiple-stimulus with replacement C. Multiple-stimulus without replacement D. Paired-stimulus E. Position bias F. Single-item duration ```
B. Multiple-stimulus with | replacement
220
Appetitive and aversive stimuli are labeled as such based on the form of the stimuli. A. True B. False
B. False | Effects on Behavior
221
Which of the following is a types of indirect preference assessment method? ``` A. Interview B. Rating scale C. Single item D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
E. A and B but not C C. Direct empirical method
222
Dot places a cheese puff and a pretzel in front of Rick. Rick selects the cheese puff. What should Dot do next when conducting a paired-stimulus preference assessment? A. Allow access and record data B. Remove items and re-present C. Block access and re-present D. Present the next pair of items
A. Allow access and record data
223
What is a disadvantage of (direct) naturalistic observation preference assessments: ``` A. Objective B. Accommodates a range of stimuli C. Time consuming D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
C. Time consuming
224
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the paired stimulus preference assessment method: ``` A. Potential for side bias B. Time consuming C. Prone to false negatives D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
D. All of the above
225
Preference assessment method in which stimuli are presented in pairs and approach responses are recorded ``` A. Free operant B. Multiple-stimulus with replacement C. Multiple-stimulus without replacement D. Paired-stimulus E. Position bias F. Single-item duration G. Single-stimulus ```
D. Paired - stimulus
226
• Operant selection occurs: A. During the lifetime of an individual organism B. Throughout a long period of time and many generations C. Both of these D. None of the above
A. During the lifetime of an individual organism
227
Which of the following is a limitation of naturalistic observation for preference assessment? ``` A. Does not require verbal skills B. Objective C. Time-consuming D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
C. Time- Consuming A & B are advantage
228
Which of the following is an advantage of the free-operant preference assessment method: ``` A. Brief B. Good if client has issues with relinquishing C. Prone to false negatives D. All of the above E. A and B but not C ```
E. A and B but not C
229
Preference assessment method in which each item is presented individually, and the duration of engagement is measured ``` A. Free operant B. Multiple-stimulus with replacement C. Multiple-stimulus without replacement D. Paired-stimulus E. Position bias F. Single-item duration G. Single-stimulus ```
F. Single - item duration
230
In behavior analysis, consequences labeled as positive are those that: A. Involve the onset of a stimulus B. Involve the magnification of a stimulus C. Are pleasant to the behaving organism D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
E. A and B but not C Positive = add (+)
231
Tucker seeks to find information about the specific most preferred item. He presents all of the items in an array to his client at the same time and asks the client to choose from the array. This is an example of which type of preference assessment? A. Direct B. Indirect
A. Direct –What type? –Trial-based preference assessment (multiple stimulus)
232
Duration-based direct observation used to identify preferred stimuli an individual engages with in their natural environment ``` A. Direct preference assessment B. Duration-based preference assessment C. Indirect preference assessment D. Naturalistic observation for preference assessment E. Pictorial preference assessment F. Trial-based preference assessment ```
D. Naturalistic observation for preference assessment
233
Selectionism
- Natural Selection: Variation in genes - Operant selection: Variation in Bx of individual - Cultural selection: Variation in Bx of group
234
Preference assessment in which items are presented to the individual and the proportion of time spent engaging with the items is recorded ``` A. Direct preference assessment B. Duration-based preference assessment C. Indirect preference assessment D. Naturalistic observation for preference assessment E. Pictorial preference assessment F. Trial-based preference assessment ```
B. Duration- based preference assessment

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