Unit 1 Instructor notes Flashcards
OUTLINE
- Intro to Assessment
- Preliminary Assessment
- Indirect Assessment
- Descriptive Assessment
- Outcomes
Behavioral Assessment
*Systematically gathering information to make treatment decisions
•Purpose:
–Determine if intervention is needed
–Inform the treatment plan
–Evaluate effectiveness
Assessment Includes
*Preliminary screening
•Indirect assessment
•Direct observation/Descriptive Assessment
•Systematic manipulation/ Functional Analysis
Methods for Assessment
- Interviews
- Checklists
- Observations
- Systematic Manipulations
ABA Service delivery model
- Assess
- Develop
- Train
- Implement
- Monitor and evaluate
- Revise
Preliminary Assessment
*Broad in Scope; Low in fidelity
*Goals:
–Gather basic information
–Determine if behavioral services are needed or others
–Recommend a plan
*Steps in Preliminary Assessment
- Consent
- Resources
- Paperwork
- Records
- Meet and observe
- Document
Indirect Assessment
- Information gathered through verbal accounts, not through observation
- Scope:–Broad but narrowing
- Fidelity:–Low but rising
Indirect Assessment
Types
- Records review
- Structural Forms
- Interviews
Descriptive Assessments
- Observing and measuring behavior in the natural environment
- Scope:–Medium (but narrowing)–Focus on specific behavior; includes observations
Descriptive Assessments
•Observing and measuring behavior in the natural environment
•Scope:–Medium (but narrowing)–Focus on specific behavior
*Fidelity:
-Low- Medium (but rising)
-Includes observations, but not manipulations
Descriptive Assessment
Types
- Narrative recording
- ABC data collection
- Scatterplot
- Data collection across conditions
Narrative recording
*Observer writes descriptions of behavior and environment in real time
•Gives information about context
•Can identify additional targets
ABC data collection
*Observer records what happens immediately before a response; the response itself; and what happens after the response
•Can uses coded forms or open ended
•Narrower scope than narrative recording
Scatterplots
Records the occurrence of behavior across hours of the day, and days of the week
Data Collection Across Conditions
- Record occurrences of behavior in different naturally occurring contexts
- Looking for when behavior is likely to occur
- And when it is unlikely to occur
Outcomes
- Ultimate outcomes
- Intermediate outcomes
- Short-term objectives
- All should be measurable
Intermediate outcomes
- Smaller goals that lead to achieving ultimate outcome
- Could be sequential or concurrent
Short-term outcomes
- Specific change in response or behavior
* These lead to intermediate outcomes
Assessments that involve asking about behavior, but not observing behavior are called what?
a. Indirect Assessments b.Descriptive Assessments
c. Functional Analyses
a. Indirect Assessments
Lisa is working with a new client, she is about to train relevant people on how to carry out the procedures. What should she have already done?
a. Conducted assessments
b. Developed the plan
c. Implemented the plan
d. Monitored the implementation
a. Conducted assessments
b. Developed the plan
Maddie is about to meet a client and begin initial observations. What should she have already completed in her screening process?
a. Reviewed records
b. Completed documentation
c. Completed intake paperwork
d. Ensured consent
a. Reviewed records
c. Completed intake paperwork
d. Ensured consent
Preliminary screening will include a wide range of behavior and situations, meaning it is:
a. Broad in scope
b. Narrow in scopec.High in fidelity
d. Low in fidelity
a. Broad in scope
Indirect assessments begin to focus in on more specific situations and behavior, meaning:
a. Scope was narrow, but is becoming broad
b. It has the narrowest scope
c. Scope is still broad but begins to narrow
c. Scope is still broad but begins to narrow
Brenda gives a caregiver a form to fill out with questions regarding situations in which problem behavior is likely to occur. Which type of assessment tool is she using?
a. Interview
b. Records review
c. Structured form
d. Preliminary assessment
c. Structured form
Which describes records review?
a. Having a teacher fill out a questionnaire
b. Looking through previous reports
c. Asking a staff member to describe situations
d. Observing a client in the natural environment
b. Looking through previous reports
Dawn sits down with a caregiver and asks them questions about times of the day that are the most difficult and has them describe what typically occurs. What assessment tool is this?
a. Narrative recording
b. ABC recording
c. Interview
d. Records review
c. Interview
ASRWhich is an example of ABC recording?
Dawn writes, “Instructed to ‘clean up’ as and antecedent; “Dropped to the floor and cried” as a behavior; and “Placed into time out” as a consequence
Frankie is collecting data on when to behavior occurs. He has a form which breaks the day into 15 minute bins, and he will collect across several days. Which assessment tool is Frankie using?
a. ABC recording
b. Narrative recording
c. Scatterplot
d. Data collection across conditions
c. Scatterplot
Which have narrower scope?
a. Indirect assessments
b. Descriptive assessments
b. Descriptive assessments
Travis is counting the number of times his client hits peers during recess as well as how often his client his peers during structured time inside. Which assessment tool is Travis using?
a. Data collection across context
b. Narrative recording
c. Scatterplot
d. ABC data collection
a. Data collection across context
Why are descriptive assessments higher fidelity than indirect assessments?
a. Indirect assessments use systematic manipulations
b. Indirect assessments are narrower in scope
c. Descriptive assessments ask about specific behavior types
d. Descriptive assessments use observations in real-time
d. Descriptive assessments use observations in real-time
Rodney wants a job at the local zoo. He has been working towards following his daily schedule. Lately, the BCBA has a program in place to develop setting an alarm. What is the ultimate outcome?-Employed by the zoo
a. What is the ultimate outcome?-Employed by the zoo
b. What is the intermediate outcome?-Follows his daily schedule
c. What is the short-term objective?-Sets an alarm
Behavioral (Functional) Assessment
*A systematic gathering of information to make data-based decisions, regarding behavior and the environment
Functional Assessment: Purpose
- To Determine if problem exists–Determine whether or not to intervene
- Describe Behavior and environment - Observable/ measurable behavior (not a symptom)
- Determine/describe Functional relations–Bx is situation specific
Functional Assessment: Purpose
Continued
- Provide info needed for Behavior plans–Where/ how/when to intervene
- Monitor Program implementation –On-going assessment
- Evaluate treatment effectiveness
- Evaluate maintenance and generalization
Indirect Assessment
-Recored Review, pencil in & Paper tools (Questionnaires), Functional (behavioral) interview
Direct/ Descriptive Assessment
-Direct Observation, Narrative Recording, ABC recording (Sequence analysis), Scatterplot (Pattern analysis)
Functional Analysis
- Scope: Range of info gathered & degree of focus on the issue in an assessment
- What did the assessment focus on?
- Fidelity: quality of the information provided by assessment in terms of behavioral function–was the assessment accurate?
Behavioral assessments are meant to do all of the following except:
A. describe behavior and the environment
B. determine functional relationships
C. contribute to a diagnosis
D. evaluate maintenance and generalizationE.all of the above are correct
C. contribute to a diagnosis
Behavior assessments are performed in order to decide:
A. where to intervene B. how to intervene C. what functional relations are salient to the problem D. whether or not to intervene E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Functional Assessment Overview
- Referral
- Intake/ Screening
- Initial general disposition
- Preliminary statement of problem
- Indirect assessment measures
- Direct assessment measures
- Functional analysis-if indicated
- Assessment summary/ report
Preliminary Assessment
Initial assessment phase
- Initial assessment phase where the broad outline of the case and details of the presenting problem are first evaluated
- Broad scope, low fidelity
Preliminary Assessment
Screening
–What’s the problem?
–Are behavioral services appropriate?
–Am I qualified?
Preliminary Assessment
- Determine who has authority to give consent
* Confirm that you have permission, skills, time & resources to begin assessment
Preliminary Assessment
-Identify Problem
–Skill deficit/”Can’t do”–Performance problem
•Won’t do”
•Does, but no mastery/fluency/adequate frequency
Preliminary Assessment•
•Are ABA services needed?
–Other services may be required first (e.g., medical, counseling, etc), and would require referral
–Problem may not be behavior problem, may not be with person referred, may not be significant enough, or may not have necessary support and resources
Preliminary Assessment
- Are ABA services needed?–If appropriate, determine whether to
- take the case
- identify simple changes that may reduce need for services
- begin to identify outcomes
Preliminary Assessment
•Complete intake paperwork •Records review •Meet and begin observations –Establish rapport –Conduct preliminary interview –Informal observations –Describe services, contract –Get consent signatures •Document
The preliminary assessment phase is: A. Broad in scope and low in fidelity B. Broad in scope and high in fidelity C. Narrow in scope and low in fidelity D. Narrow in scope and high in fidelity
A. Broad in scope and low in fidelity
Bindi has received a referral regarding an eight year-old child who engages in aggressive behavior at home. She has discussed this case with the child’s mother, and has determined that it does indeed seem to be a behavior problem, and that behavioral services are appropriate. What does Bindi need to determine next?
D. Whether she is qualified and available to take the case
Indirect Assessment
- “Tell me”methods
- A process in which information is gathered on behavior through descriptions and recollections rather than through direct observation
- Used mostly in preliminary stages
- May be conducted in office
- Broad-medium scope, low-medium fidelity
Indirect Assessment
- Record reviews
- Interviews
- Paper-&-pencil questionnaire
Indirect Assessment:Records Review
Gather information on current/past behavioral repertoire, environmental factors, and medical history
–Evaluations/assessment
–Support Plans, Treatment plans, IEP, etc.
–Activity/class schedule
–Progress notes
–Incident/”Disciplinary”reports
–Correspondence/e-mail
Indirect Assessment: Structured Forms
Functional Assessment Forms–Durand’s Motivational Assessment Scale (MAS)
–Iwata’s Functional Assessment screening Tool (FAST)
–Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF)
Indirect Assessment: Behavior (functional) interview
Consists of questions to ask within pre-selected topics (e.g., O’Neill, et al.)
•Identify, define, and describe: –Behavior –potential ecological events –events that predict behavior –potential function of behavior
Indirect Assessment:Behavior (functional) interview
Identify, define and describe
–efficiency of behaviors
–functionally equivalent alternative behavior, communication methods
–potential reinforcers
–history of person’s major life events and treatments
Indirect methods of assessment include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Narrative recording
B. interviewing parents or caregivers
C. direct interviews with the person doing the behavior
D. paper and pencil questionnaires
A. Narrative recording
Matt has received a referral for a child who engages in aggressive behavior. He is now looking at past reports including IEPs, incident reports and past treatment plans. He is conducting_____.
A. ABC data collection B. Scatter plot C. Narrative recording D. Record reviews E. Interviews
D. Record reviews
Matt then schedules a meeting with the child’s parents. During this time he asks lots of questions regarding the behaviors of concern. He also uses the MAS and records the parent’s responses. Matt is conducting:
A. ABC data collection B. Scatter plot C. Narrative recording D. Record reviews E. Interviews
E. Interviews
During the interview, Matt asks the caregivers what types of things the child likes. He asks them about edible items, toys, activities, etc. Matt is most likely trying to identify:
A. Potential reinforcers
B. Potential function of the behavior
C. Items/events which may predict the occurrence of the behavior
D. None of the above: Matt is just making small talk to build rapport
A. Potential reinforcers
The question: “Are there certain times or events that you know will lead to the child behaving this way” is attempting to assess:
a) Diagnosis
b) Antecedents
c) Topography
d) Consequences
b) Antecedents
Direct Descriptive Assessment
- “Show me” methods
- “Sine qua non”: essential component to Bx assessment
- Process of observing bx as it occurs in real time & the Env in which Bx occurs
- Medium scope, low-medium fidelity
Direct Descriptive Assessment: Methods
- Narrative Recording
- ABC data collection
- Scatterplots
Narrative Recording
•Narrative recording aka Anecdotal Observation
–Observe individual’s behavior and environmental events for a specific amount of time
–Write down description of the environmental conditions under which the behaviors were emitted
•Loosely written, not easily quantified or graphed
ABC Data Collection
-Forms allow for collection data on behavior, antecedents, and consequences
•Examples:
–O’Neill, et al, Functional Observation Form
–Behavior Incident Report
–ABC Charting
–Other ABC forms…
ABC Data Collection
- These observations are done:
- In real time, in the natural environment
- By trained, independent, objective observers (as much as possible)
- Are noted immediately after bx occurs
Sequence Analysis
- A systematic presentation and examination of data regarding behavior and stimulus conditions in A-B-C format
- Done after narrative recording and/or ABC data collection
- Example: “When Johnny is denied requests, he will cry and scream. This often results in his gaining access to the requested activity.”
Scatter Plot
- A data collection form for problem behavior and the intervals of time the behavior occurs
- Provides graphic display of the data (grid)
- Used to identify patterns of responding in natural settings
Scatter Plot
Cont…d
•Using a scatter plot
–Break vertical axis into time intervals (activity schedule)
–Break horizontal axis into successive days
–Decide to use occurrence vs. nonoccurrence OR 3 discrete categories (none, low, high)
–Recording occurs at the end of the interval
Scatter Plot (cont…d)
•Interpreting scatter plot data
–When (in time) is behavior most vs. least likely to occur? What is going on during those times?
–IDs similarities in times when behavior occurs
Pattern Analysis
- Systematic presentation and/or examination of data regarding problem behavior and its conditions (based on scatterplot)
- ID the variations in when problem behavior occurs in relation to certain time frames and certain stimulus conditions
Pattern Analysis
Example
“Tantrums and aggression are most likely to occur during morning and evening routines at home; aggression only occurs following tantrums.”
Data Collection across Conditions
•Assessment of the probability of behavior within different environmental contexts
•No systematic manipulation
•Analyze conditions under which behavior tends to occur
–Identifying EOs, SDs, and reinforcers
Which of the following are not direct assessment methods?
A. ABC data collection B.Scatterplot C.Narrative recording D.Interviews E.All are direct measurement methods
D. Interviews
“The teacher is lecturing the class. Johnny is drawing in his notebook. The teacher tells him to get on task. A minute later, Johnny throws a piece of paper at the child next to him. The teacher tells Johnny to take his chair and go sit in the hallway”. This is most likely the result of which assessment procedure?
A.ABC data collection
B.Scatterplot
C. Narrative recording
D. Interviews
C. Narrative recording
“When the teacher lectures to the class, Johnny engages in disruptive behaviors, This typically results in being placed out of the class.”This statement represents a:
A. Functional Analysis
B. Pattern Analysis
C. Sequence Analysis
D. Reinforcer assessment
C. Sequence Analysis
“Johnny is most likely to engage in disruptive behavior from 10-11AM, and 1-2PM. ”This is most likely the result of which assessment procedure?
A. ABC data collection
B. Scatterplot
C. Narrative recording
D. Interviews
B. Scatterplot
“Johnny is most likely to engage in disruptive behavior from 10-11AM, and 1-2PM.”This statement represents a(n):
A. Functional Analysis
B. Pattern Analysis
C. Sequence Analysis
D. Reinforcer assessment
B. Pattern Analysis
“Johnny is most likely to engage in targeted behaviors during Math and Social Studies. Verbal aggression and physical aggression often occur concurrently.” This statement represents a:
A. Functional Analysis
B. Pattern Analysis
C. Sequence Analysis
D. Reinforcer assessment
B. Pattern Analysis
When conducting direct assessment, it is determined that before Chad exhibits disruptive behavior in the classroom, blurting out comments such as “I can’t do it!”, he often makes several grunts and pounds his desk. In relation to the disruptive behavior, Chad’s grunts and pounding represent:
A. An antecedent
B. A consequence
C. A precursor
D. A competing response topography
C. A precursor
Ultimate and Intermediate Outcomes
Ultimate outcomes are big picture, lifestyle changes for the individual
–Long-term
–Reflect: choice, access to reinforcers, avoidance of aversive stimuli, health/safety, Interpersonal relationships, variety of activities, etc.
–Related to: Home, work/school, leisure
Ultimate and Intermediate Outcomes
•Intermediate outcomes are descriptions of behavior change that will lead to the ultimate outcome
–May be sequential, or concurrent
•From these, we can select specific skills for acquisition and develop task analyses!•How is behavior related to outcomes? Behavior LEADS to outcomes!
Short Term Objectives
Objective, measurable behavioral targets leading to the meeting of intermediate objectives.
Short Term Objectives
- Name of consumer
- Target behavior for change
- Type of measurement used
- Direction of change
- Current level of bx
- Target level of bx
- Success criteria (time over which target level must be obtained in order for the objective to be considered as met)
- Target date for reaching the success criteria
Short Term Objectives
-“Client will (direction of change) (Measure) of (Target Bx) from (current level) to (target level) (context or conditions) for (Success criterion) by (target date or length of time)”
Short Term Objectives
E.g.
“Bobby will decrease rate of hand biting from 6 per day to 2 per day for three consecutive months by 12/31/2007.”
Sage will take out the garbage with 100% independence for 6 consecutive weeks.
A. Type of measurement used B. Direction of change C. Current level of behavior D. Target level of behavior E. Success criterion F. Target date for reaching the success criteria
B. Direction of change
C. Current level of behavior
F. Target date for reaching the success criteria
Sage will increase the percent of steps completed independently while taking out the garbage from 50% to 100% for 6 consecutive weeks by September 30
Bob will decrease cursing in the group home for two consecutive months by 12/31.
A. Type of measurement used B. Direction of change C. Current level of behavior D. Target level of behavior E. Success criterion F. Target date for reaching the success criteria
A. Type of measurement used
C. Current level of behavior
D. Target level of behavior
Rewrite!
Bob will decrease rate of cursing in the group home from 10x/day to 2x/day for two consecutive months by 12/31.
Tom will increase the rate of appropriate manding at school from 0 per day to once per day by the end of the school year.
A. Type of measurement used B. Direction of change C. Current level of behavior D. Target level of behavior E. Success criterion F. Target date for reaching the success criteria
E. Success criterion
Rewrite!
Tom will increase the rate of appropriate manding at school from 0 per day to once per day for 4 consecutive weeks, by the end of the school year.
Behavioral Assessment
A way to systematically gather information to make data-based decisions, regarding behavior and the environment
Purpose of Behavioral Assessment
- Does a problem exist? (If yes- does it warrant intervention?)
- Describe bx & env
- Pinpoint Functional relations
- Provide functional relations
- Provide info that informs bx plans
- Monitor program implementation
- Evaluate treatment effectiveness
- Evaluate maintenance & Generalization
Which of the follow is NOT one of the 3 behavioral assessment methods:
A) Preliminary indirect assessment
B) Psychological assessment
C) Direct descriptive assessment
D) Functional analysis
B) Psychological assessment
Functional Assessment
Scope
Refers to the RANGE of information gathered and degree of focus on the issue in an assessment
•How much info can we get?•What was the assessment focused on?
Functional Assessment
Fidelity:
The ACCURACY of information gathered in an assessment
•Really has to do with validity and reliability
Referral Problem
- What brought the case to you?
- Why are you being asked to provide services on this case?
- So, you have to look at the referral (the issues) to see if it is appropriate case for you
- There are different categories of different types of problems
A skill deficit is also known as:
A)“Can’t do” problem
B)“Won’t do” problem
A. “Can’t do” Problem
= Performance problem
Preliminary Assessment
AKA “Screening”
•Initial assessment phase where the broad outline of the case and details of the presenting problem are first evaluated.
- Does this case belong here? Is it appropriate for me to take on?
- If the answer is yes, then next step is to figure out what assessments would be useful for this case?
Preliminary Assessment
*Scope = Broad
Why? cuz we get a lot of info across a broad range of topics & bxs
*Fidelity = Low
Why? cuz info widely varies in value & accuracy
Preliminary assessment steps
- Determine who has the authority to give consent for services
- Determine if you have the permission, skills, time, and resources to begin the assessment AND to provide the follow-up behavioral services
- Complete initial intake paperwork or the equivalent (mainly clerical)
Preliminary Assessment Steps
- Initial review of available records/ data
5. Meet the client, if appropriate, for initial observations 6. Document the“disposition”
Why does the preliminary assessment have a broad scope?
-Because it assess a WIDE range of behaviors
•And the fidelity is LOW because INFO VARIES in value and ACCURACY
Susan is in the middle of a preliminary assessment. She just finished completing the initial intake paperwork. What should she do next?
A) Determine who has the authority to give consent
B) Document the disposition
C) Review available records and data
D) Determine if she has the skills and time to being assessment
C) Review available records and data
The very first step of the preliminary assessment is to:
A) Accept case with a smile on your face
B) Meet the client and complete initial observations
C) Determine who has the authority to give consent
D)Complete the in take paperwork
C) Determine who has the authority to give consent
Indirect Assessment
- A process in which information is gathered on behavior through DESCRIPTIONS & RECOLLECTIONS rather than through direct observations •Hence “tell me methods”
- Use this in preliminary stages •Scope: Broad-medium •Fidelity: low-medium
Which of the following is NOTa type of indirect assessment method?
A) Records Review
B) Interviews
C) Scatterplot
D) Questionnaires
C) Scatterplot
Behavioral Interview
- Series of questions posed by a behavior analyst to caregiver/ guardian/teacher etc. (individual who is familiar with the behavior of the client)
- Pre selected topics
- Structured sequence
Behavioral Interview: the process
- Prior to interview•Which instrument? Who? Where? When? Make an appointment
- Beginning of interview
- Build rapport, informally observe
- During an interview
- Ask open-ended questions, follow-up questions, Acknowledge responses, write notes or record
- After interview
- Review notes/recording(s), summarize the findings, decide whether to continue with behavioral assessment
Tina the BCBA gives the parents of her client each a copy of the MAS to fill out on their own and independently. What assessment is Tina using?
A) Records review
B) Behavioral interview
C) Questionnaire/structured form
C) Questionnaire/ structured form
Tara is looking at previous VBMAPP results for a potential client. The VBMAPP she is looking at was conducted a year ago. What assessment is Tara using?
A) Records review
B) Behavioral interview
C) Questionnaire/structured form
A) Records review
Snoopy the BCBA meets with his client’s teacher to discuss dangerous behavior the client started engaging in recently. Snoopy begins by thanking the teacher for taking the time out of their busy day to meet with him and praises her for how she has handled the situation thus far. Snoopy then asks the teacher a variety of open-ended questions. What assessment is Snoopy using?
A) Records review
B) Behavioral interview
C) Questionnaire/structured form
B) Behavioral interview
Direct Descriptive Assessment
Process of direct observation and measurement of behavior and the environment where the behavior occurs
•AKA “Show me” methods
•YOU HAVE TO USE THIS–otherwise you are NOT doing BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT
Direct Descriptive Assessment
- Medium but narrowing scope, low-medium but rising fidelity
* Behavior is observed & measured in REAL-LIFE context with NO ENVIRONMENTAL MANIPULATIONS!
•Direct descriptive assessment has…
A) Medium but narrowing scope; low to medium fidelity
B) Medium but narrowing fidelity; low to medium scope
•Direct descriptive assessment has…
A) Medium but narrowing scope; low to medium fidelity
B) Medium but narrowing fidelity; low to medium scope
A) Medium but narrowing scope; low to medium fidelity
Narrative Recording
- AKA anecdotal observation
- Written description of behavior and environmental conditions under which those behaviors occur over time
- Purpose: gather information about the setting, context, other events, problem behavior etc.
- NO INFERENCES
- Scope: Medium but broadens out
- Fidelity:low-medium
ABC data collection
What is it: observer records ALL occurrences of TB(s), antecedents & consequences
- Purpose:
- 1) Collect info on antecedents and consequences
- 2) Identifies themes in sequences
- 3) Helps hypothesize function
- Scope: medium band (narrower than narrative recording)
- Fidelity: medium
Sequence analysis
•Examination of narrative or ABC recording data to IDENTIFY the ORDER of environmental events in relation to a target behavior
- What do we get out of it?
- IS THERE A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THAT PREDICTABLE?
Scatterplot
Data collection form for recording the times of day which a TB has occurred (typically dividing days of the week into blocks of time)
Scatterplot
Purpose:
- Identify patterns of responding in the natural setting
- Doesn’t tell us anything about potential functions
- Answers more of the question, “WHEN” is the behavior occurring
- Scope: Medium-narrow band
- Fidelity:Low-medium
Using a Scatterplot
- Super easy to create and use•Break vertical axis into time intervals (context or activities)
- Break horizontal axis into successive days•Are you going to use simple occurrence or nonoccurence per given interval? Or will you use discrete categories?•Recording is done at the end of each interval•After being filled out, you get a graphic display of data in a grid format
Pattern Analysis
- This is what we do to interpret a scatterplot
- Examination of scatterplot data to identify specific time frames and potential environmental contexts/activities under which behavior occurs or does not occur
A ______ informs a pattern analysis while ______ and _______ inform a sequence analysis
A) ABC data collection; narrative recording and scatterplot
B) Scatterplot; ABC data collection and narrative recording
B) Scatterplot; ABC data collection and narrative recording
Data collection across conditions
- Collecting data on TB across different contexts and conditions (no systematic manipulation)
- You are basically taking data in different settings and/ or conditions to see what is the likelihood of the behavior occurring in those settings/ conditions (e.g., school versus home; math class versus gym class)•Analyze conditions under which behavior tends to occur•Identifying EOs, SDs, and reinforcers
Andy is a BCBA and is observing his client, Milo. Andy collects data on the target behavior at home (with and without parents in the same room), at school, and at grandma’s house. Andy is attempting to identify the likelihood of the TB occurring in those settings and under those conditions. Which assessment method is Andy using?
A) Narrative recording
B) Data collection across conditions
C) ABC data collection
D) Scatterplot
B) Data collection across conditions
Miranda is assessing her client, Patty’s compliance at home. Patty tends to stay on her computer after her mother delivers an instruction (e.g., come to dinner, take a shower etc.) Miranda gives Patty’s mom a data sheet to fill out for her to help in this assessment. The data sheet is broken up into 3 columns. In the first column, mom should write down exactly what she told Patty to do. Mom will wait 20 seconds for a response. In the second column, she will write down what Patty did. In the third column she will write down exactly what she said/did in response to Patty’s response to her request. Which assessment method is Miranda using?
C. ABC data collection
Nick the BCBA works with his client in a center 1:1. Recently teachers at school reported that his client was engaging in dangerous behaviors in the classroom. Nick goes into the school to do an observation of his client while in the classroom. Nick writes down anything he sees or hears over a 2 hours observation period. He writes down things like who is client was playing with, the activities, who he shares a table with, what kind of work he had to complete, attention provided by the teacher or lack-thereof etc. Which assessment is Nick using?
A. Narrative recording
Marc gives the teacher a data sheet that is very easy to fill out and trains her how to fill it out. On the data sheet all she has todo color in a box if the client engages in SIB during that period of time. She leaves it blank if he did not engage in SIB during that time period. The data sheet is to be filled out every day for a week. Along the vertical axis the day is split up into 30-minute intervals. Which assessment is Marc using?
D) Scatterplot
Intermediate outcome
- Achievable goals that bring the person closer to ultimate outcome
- Sequential: goals that must be completed in an order (specific sequence)
- Concurrent: goals that can be worked on at the same time
Short-term Objective
- Specific bx change target tht contributes to the individuals obtaining an intermediate &/ or ultimate outcome
- Always includes #s
- Think: very specific; step by step
Short-term Objective
cont…d
-Client’s name (who), Direction of change, Response measure, Target bx, Current level, Target level, Success criterion, Context, Conditions, Target date
Jerry has a very busy life. He works full time and has 3 kids. Jerry really wants to get back into shape and be healthier overall. More specifically Jerry wants his six-pack back. Jerry hires a behavior analyst to help him reach this goal. The BA tells Jerry he must walk 30 minutes a day, track his meals, and do one core work out 5 days a week. The BA gives Jerry a self-monitoring data sheet that he needs to fill out daily. In this scenario, which of the following is the ultimate outcome?
A) Walking 30 minutes a day
B) Getting back into shape and being healthier overall
C) Getting a six-pack
D) Using the self-monitoring data sheet
B) Getting back into shape and being healthier overall
….The BA tells Jerry he must walk 30 minutes a day, track his meals, and do one core work out 5 days a week. The BA gives Jerry a self-monitoring data sheet that he needs to fill out daily. Are these goals concurrent or sequential?
A) Concurrent
B) Sequential
A) Concurrent
Matthew wants to ski in Whistler BC. Matthew hires a ski instructor as he doesn’t know how to ski at all. The ski instructor plans to have Matthew skiing the slopes in his small hometown comfortably. More specifically the Ski instructor has arranged to teach target skills such as speed control, stopping, balancing, etc. Which of the following is an intermediate outcome?
A) Learning how to balance
B) Skiing in Whistler BC
C) Skiing the slopes in his small hometown
D) Learning how to stop
C) Skiing the slopes in his small hometown
George wants to buy a house. He has really bad credit that comes from one source which is late payments on his student loan. He pays his student loan late every month. George has a good paying job. So now he has to start saving money to put towards the deposit of his new home and he also has to pay his student loan on time to fix his credit. In order to starting paying on time he plans to set a reminder on his phone which will go off 3 business days before his payment is due. Which of the following is the short-term objective?
A) Buy a house
B) Fix credit
C) Save money
D) Set a reminder on his phone to make payment on time
D) Set a reminder on his phone to make payment on time
ABA Service Delivery Model
- Design- Assess, Develop plan
- Evaluate - Monitor, Revise plan
- Implement - Train, Use plan
Which of the following is a method for conducting
behavioral assessment?
A. Preliminary indirect assessment B. Direct naturalistic observation C. Norm-referenced academic test D. All of the above E. A and B but not
E. A and B but not C.
Behavioral Assessment
1) Indirect: Verbal reports
2) Direct: Descriptive (naturalistic), Direct: Systematic manipulation
If ___ are not utilized, then one is not doing a behavioral assessment.
A. Indirect (“tell me”) methods
B. Direct (“show me”) methods
C. Both of these
D. Neither of these
B. Direct (“show me”) methods
An assessment is NOT a behavioral assessment
unless behavior is directly observed and measured.
Behavioral assessment encompasses more than
just a single assessment of behavior.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Behavioral assessment begins following the initial
preliminary assessment and continues through the
end of the case.
The first step in the preliminary assessment is to meet the client and begin observations.
A. True
B. False
B. False
What is the scope and fidelity of preliminary assessments?
A. Broad scope and high fidelity
B. Broad scope and low fidelity
C. Narrow scope and high fidelity
D. Narrow scope and low fidelity
B. Broad scope and low fidelity
This assessment gathers information across a
broad range of topics & behaviors and the
information is of widely varying value & accuracy,
but gives a general picture of the case
Kanaan has completed all intake paperwork for
Akela, a new client, as well as a review of records
& some preliminary interviews, including a brief
meeting with Akela. What should Kanaan do next?
A. Complete initial observation B. Complete initial paperwork C. Complete initial records review D. Determine if you have consent E. Determine if you have skills, time, and resources F. Document the disposition
F. Document the disposition
If you determine someone has a ___, you will need to teach them how to engage in the targeted response.
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Behavior excess D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
B. Skill deficit
What if they have a performance problem?
◦ Need to alter contingencies to support performance
What if they have a behavior excess?
◦ Need to arrange contingencies to decrease responding
Brendan looks at police reports, discharge summaries from placements at crisis stabilization units and school suspension documentation. This is an example of which type of indirect assessment?
A. Structured form B. Behavioral interview C. Records review D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
C. Records review
Brendan meets with his client’s parents and asks questions regarding the behaviors of concern. He also uses the MAS and records the parent’s
responses. This is an example of which type of indirect assessment?
A. Structured form B. Behavioral interview C. Records review D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
E. A and B but not C
The reliability and validity of paper-and-pencil functional assessment forms such as the MAS and the FAST are typically high.
A. True
B. False
B. False
What does this mean?
◦ Results do not necessarily correspond with more rigorous assessments
When doing a descriptive assessment, you do not
manipulate the environment in any way.
A. True
B. False
A. True
You simply observe events as they naturally occur
Annie observes Tucker in the group home where he lives. She types on her laptop notes about what Tucker is doing, what the people around him are doing, and what happens before and after each
instance of relevant responses. Which type of
direct descriptive assessment is Annie doing?
A. ABC data collection
B. Data collection across conditions
C. Narrative recording
D. Scatterplot
C. Narrative recording
When the teacher lectures to the class, Brendan engages in disruptive behaviors. This typically results in Brendan being sent out of the class to sit in the hall. This is an example of a ___ analysis.
A. Experimental B. Pattern C. Sequence D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
C. Sequence
Sequence analysis is derived from ___ data
A. Narrative recording B. A-B-C C. Scatterplot D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
E. A and B but not C
Pattern analysis example:
◦ Brendan is most likely to engage in disruptive bx from 10-11AM, and 1-2PM.
Outcomes are specific changes in behavior.
A. True
B. False
B. False
It is not enough to change bx; we should make a difference in people’s lives!
I want to be the best that I can be
Is this outcome observable and measurable?
A. Yes
B. No
B. No
Jose reminds us to be careful with statements like
this and reaching full potential. Why?
◦ Don’t want to use this as an excuse for lack of
improvement in learners
I want to live in my own apartment
Is this outcome observable and measurable?
A. Yes
B. No
A. Yes
What behavior change may be needed to meet this outcome? ◦ Go grocery shopping ◦ Cook simple meals ◦ Stick to a budget ◦ Write checks/pay bills
Bob will decrease cursing in the group for two consecutive months by the end of May.
A. Context B. Direction of change C. Success criterion D. Response measure E. Target behavior F. Target date
C. Response measure (and current/target level)
Which assessment is narrow band and high fidelity?
A. Functional analysis B. Baseline assessment C. Screening D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
E. A and B but not C
Akela unloads the dishwasher but when she does it she leaves some of the clean dishes in the machine
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Problem with strength D. Lacks generality E. Lacks stimulus control F. Behavior excesses
A. Performance problem
Problem with strength (lacks mastery)
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Have Akela practice unloading the dishwasher properly to mastery criterion
After determining who has the authority to give consent for services (and obtaining appropriate consents), you must determine whether or
no you have the ___ to begin assessment.
A. Skills B. Time C. Resources D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
The extent to which an
assessment’s findings hold true
across variations in environmental conditions and/or time
A. Assessment fidelity B. Assessment scope C. External validity of assessments D. Internal validity of assessments E. Pattern analysis F. Sequence analysis
C. External validity of assessments
What is the scope and fidelity of the scatterplot?
A. Broad-medium scope and low-medium fidelity
B. Broad-medium scope and medium-high fidelity
C. Medium-narrow scope and low-medium fidelity
D. Medium-narrow scope and medium-high fidelity
C. Medium-narrow scope and low-medium fidelity
It assesses when the bx is likely to happen & promotes more efficient observations to obtain data for sequence analysis, but gives little information on function
Which of the following is a purpose for conducting
behavioral assessments?
A. Describe behavior and environmental events
B. Evaluate maintenance and generalization
C. Monitor program implementation
D. All of the above
E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
Use of existing written documents & archival data to gather information about behavior & the environment
A. ABC data collection B. Behavioral interview C. Data collection across conditions D. Narrative recording E. Records review F. Scatterplot G. Structured form
E. Records review
Does at the wrong time or in the wrong place
Which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excess
D. Lacks stimulus control
Once you have completed any necessary initial intake paperwork, what step in the preliminary assessment process should be completed next?
A. Complete initial observation B. Complete initial records review C. Determine if you have consent D. Determine if you have skills, time, and resources E. Document the disposition
B. Complete initial records review
*This provides access to necessary information to
complete preliminary assessment
When conducting a records review, gather information regarding:
A. Current and past behavioral repertoire B. Environmental factors C. Medical history D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
The same assessments are used for different problems with behavior (skill deficits and behavior excesses).
A. True
B. False
B. False
We have specialized assessments for different problems with behavior
Behaviors are always targeted for deceleration (decrease).
A. True
B. False
B. False
Behaviors can be targeted for deceleration
◦ Replacement, weakening, to get under stimulus control
But behaviors can also be targeted for increase
◦ Development, strengthening, maintenance, generalization
What is another name for a
performance problem?
A. “Can’t do” problem B. Concurrent intermediate outcome C. Intermediate outcome D. Referral problem E. Sequential intermediate outcome F. Short-term objective G. Ultimate outcome H. “Won’t do” problem
H. “Won’t do” problem
Once you have determined that you do have the permission, skills, time, & resources to begin
assessment and provide the follow-up services, what step in the preliminary assessment process should be completed next?
A. Complete initial observation B. Complete initial paperwork C. Complete initial records review D. Determine if you have consent E. Document the disposition
B. Complete initial paperwork
Beginning of interview
- Build rapport
- Informally observe
- Behavior
- Environment
- Appearance of persons
During Interview
- Ask open-ended questions
- Ask follow-up questions
- Acknowledge responses
- Write notes or use recorder
What is the scope and fidelity of ABC data collection?
A. Broad scope and high fidelity
B. Broad scope and medium fidelity
C. Medium scope and high fidelity
D. Medium scope and medium fidelity
D. Medium scope and medium fidelity
ABC data may continue for days or weeks
All of the following are assessment methods used in applied behavior analysis except:
A. Checklist
B. Direct observation
C. Interview
D. Medical evaluations
D. Medical evaluations
A customer service rep logs calls into the computer program but it takes
him ten minutes each time; the average employee is able to log calls in under one minute
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
A. Performance problem
–> Problem with strength (lacks fluency)
Includes the bulk of the screening process and covers most of the goals of the preliminary assessment
Which step in the preliminary assessment:
A. Determining who has the authority to give consent
B. Determining if you have permission/skills/time/ resources
C. Completing intake paperwork or the equivalent
D. Reviewing records and available data
E. Meeting client and begin observations
F. Documenting (including disposition)
B. Determining if you have permission/skills/time/ resources
If an interview is conducted with the direct service
recipient about his or her own behavior, it is considered a direct assessment.
A. True
B. False
B. False
-Verbal reports of behavior are indirect methods
Pattern analysis is derived from ___ data
A. Narrative recording B. A-B-C C. Scatterplot D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
C. Scatterplot
Which of the following is a method for conducting
behavioral assessment?
A. Functional analysis B. Systematic manipulation C. Psychological evaluation D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
E. A and B but not C
A customer service rep logs calls into the computer
program when he is working on a PC but not when
he is working on a Mac
Which type of problem with behavior?
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
C. Lacks generality
Stated/reported issue with
behavior by the referring party
A. “Can’t do” problem B. Concurrent intermediate outcome C. Intermediate outcome D. Referral problem E. Sequential intermediate outcome F. Short-term objective G. Ultimate outcome H. “Won’t do” problem
D. Referral problem
Once you have met client, established rapport, conducted a preliminary interview, and made informal observations, what step in the preliminary assessment process should be completed next?
A. Complete initial paperwork B. Complete initial records review C. Determine if you have consent D. Determine if you have skills, time, and resources E. Document the disposition
E. Document the disposition
Indirect assessment methods may be conducted in an office.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Jose always suggested to conduct the interview in the natural environment (e.g. home) timed to complete right before the direct consumer arrives because this would allow the interview to be completed with the caregiver in private but then therapist can informally observe interactions
What is the scope and fidelity of descriptive
assessments?
A. Broad scope and low-medium fidelity
B. Broad scope and medium-high fidelity
C. Medium scope and low-medium fidelity
D. Medium scope and medium-high fidelity
C. Medium scope and low-medium fidelity
Looks at a variety of behaviors and observes various natural environmental contexts & events but does not demonstrate functional relations
Which assessment is medium band and low fidelity?
A. Direct descriptive assessment B. Progress monitoring C. Follow-up assessment D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
C. Follow-up assessment
Initial assessment phase where the broad outline of the case and details of the presenting problem are first evaluated
A. Behavioral assessment B. Descriptive assessment C. Direct assessment D. Indirect assessment E. Preliminary assessment
E. Preliminary assessment
Akela has unload the dishwasher it the past but she does not do it anymore
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
A. Performance problem
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Arrange contingencies (manipulate motivating operations) to support Akela’s
unloading the dishwasher behavior
Which assessment is broad band focus but low fidelity?
A. Preliminary indirect assessment
B. Descriptive assessment
C. Structured descriptive assessment
D. Functional analysis
A. Preliminary indirect assessment
Outcome: Benny wants to make friends (especially a significant other)
Is this outcome observable and measurable?
A. Yes
B. No
A. Yes
What behavior change may be needed to meet this outcome?
◦ Asking questions, listening, responding appropriately
◦ Good hygiene
◦ Opportunities to go places
The accuracy of information gathered in an assessment
A. Assessment fidelity B. Assessment scope C. External validity of assessments D. Internal validity of assessments E. Pattern analysis F. Sequence analysis
A. Assessment fidelity
When collecting data in a variety of naturally occurring contexts/conditions (without systematic manipulations), we can:
A. Look at similarities and difference in context/conditions dependent on differential rates of responding
B. Identify potential EOs and SDs
C. Identify potential maintaining consequences
D. All of the above
E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
If someone does not engage in a behavior at all, this may be a:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Behavior excess D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
E. A and B but not C
How can you tell the difference between a performance problem and a skill deficit?
◦ Offer supplemental reinforcement; if you offered the person $1 million to engage in the behavior, would they be likely to do it?
◦ YES = performance problem → alter MOs
◦ NO = skill deficit → training
During which step do you write up the results, recommend your services and/or others, and outline an initial service plan?
A. Complete initial observation B. Complete initial paperwork C. Complete initial records review D. Determine if you have consent E. Determine if you have skills, time, and resources F. Document the disposition
F. Document the disposition
We only change socially significant behavior to make a real difference in people’s lives.
A. True
B. False
A. True
All the behavior change in the world is meaningless if the person we serve does not benefit from the behavior change.
Which of the following is a type of specialized assessment for skill deficits:
A. Assessments based on task analyses B. Assessment of elementary verbal operants C. Functional assessments D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
E. A and B but not C
What is the purpose of behavioral assessment:
A. Describe behavior and the environment
B. Determine functional relations between behavior and the environment
C. Determine if a problem with behavior exists
D. All of the above
E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
A customer service rep logs calls into the computer while at work but also logs calls while at his home
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
D. Lacks stimulus control
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Teach the customer service rep where to and NOT to log calls
Narrative recording is also known as:
A. ABC data collection B. Anecdotal observation C. Functional assessment D. Pattern analysis E. Scatterplot F. Sequence analysis
B. Anecdotal observation
Direct assessment method in which behavior is observed and measured in the real-life context without manipulation of environmental variables
A. Behavioral assessment B. Descriptive assessment C. Direct assessment D. Indirect assessment E. Preliminary assessment
B. Descriptive assessment
Behavioral assessment includes a range of methods including:
A. Observations B. Checklists C. Interviews D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
A child vocally requests food but only every once in a while (not every time she is deprived of food)
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
A. Performance problem
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Have the child practice requesting food
Provides a graphic display of data in a grid format; used to identify patterns of responding in natural settings
This describes which descriptive assessment procedure:
A. Scatterplot analysis
B. Narrative recording
C. ABC data collection
D. Data collection across conditions
A. Scatterplot analysis
Which of the following is a direct assessment method:
A. Narrative recording B. ABC data collection C. Scatterplots D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
Akela unloads the dishwasher at her house but also unloads the dishwasher at a restaurant where she is a customer (NOT an employee)
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
D. Lacks stimulus control
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Teach Akela where to and NOT to unload the dishwasher
What is another name for a skill
deficit?
A. “Can’t do” problem B. Concurrent intermediate outcome C. Intermediate outcome D. Referral problem E. Sequential intermediate outcome F. Short-term objective
A. “Can’t do” Problem
In a preliminary assessment, the practitioner:
A. Gathers basic information about the case
B. Determines if behavioral services are appropriate
C. Determines if s/he is the appropriate service provider
D. All of the above
E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
Outcome: Cathy wants to get a job as a server at a fine dining establishment
Is this outcome observable and measurable?
A. Yes
B. No
A. Yes
What behavior change may be needed to meet this outcome?
◦ Appropriate etiquette
◦ Experience in other restaurants
◦ Interview skills
◦ Meet fine dining establishment employee
What is the scope and fidelity of narrative
recording?
A. Medium scope and low-medium fidelity
B. Medium scope and medium-high fidelity
C. Narrow scope and low-medium fidelity
D. Narrow scope and medium-high fidelity
A. Medium scope and low-medium fidelity
Scope is medium, but can broaden out if
observations warrant
Which assessment method is used mostly during the preliminary stages of assessment:
A. Indirect (“tell me”) methods
B. Direct (“show me”) methods
C. Both of these
D. Neither of these
A. Indirect (“tell me”) methods
A data collection form for recording the times of day during which a target behavior has occurred, typically involving dividing the days of the week into blocks of time
A. ABC data collection B. Behavioral interview C. Data collection across conditions D. Narrative recording E. Records review F. Scatterplot G. Structured form
F. Scatterplot
A child vocally requests food every ten minutes all day long
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
E. Behavior excesses
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Arrange contingencies to decrease the child’s food requesting behavior
Rule out biological/medical conditions by referring to physician when appropriate
These are issues related to which goal of preliminary assessment:
A. Begin to identify the problem(s)
B. Determine if ABA services are needed/desired
C. Determine if other types of services may be needed
D. Determine whether or not to take the case
C. Determine if other types of services may be needed
What other types of services may potentially be needed?
◦ Behavior therapy by other licensed professionals, social services, other professional services (OT, PT, SLP, etc.)
List the types of documents to review when conducting a records review:
A. Progress notes B. Support plans C. Individualized education plans (IEPs) D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
Which of the following is an indirect assessment method:
A. Record review B. Interview C. Paper-and-pencil questionnaires D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
These may be done in an office
A child has vocally requested food in the past but does not request food anymore
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
A. Performance problem
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Arrange contingencies (manipulate motivating operations) to support the
child’s food requesting behavior
Allows for coding or checking antecedent(s), target behavior(s), and consequences
This describes:
A. ABC data collection B. Anecdotal observation C. Functional assessment D. Pattern analysis E. Scatterplot F. Sequence analysis
A. ABC data collection
It is very important that the intake paperwork (or the equivalent) is completed by the behavior analyst.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Some may be completed by a clerk or administrative assistant
A customer service rep logged calls into the computer program in the past but doesn’t do it anymore
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
A. Performance problem
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Arrange contingencies (manipulate motivating operations) to support the
customer service rep’s call logging behavior
After looking at scatterplot data you describe face-slapping is most likely to occur early in the morning at home, right before lunch at school, right before school is out, and right before bed-time
This is an example of:
A. ABC data collection B. Anecdotal observation C. Functional assessment D. Pattern analysis E. Scatterplot F. Sequence analysis
D, Pattern analysis
A customer service rep logs the same call into the computer program multiple times
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
E. Behavior excesses
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Arrange contingencies to decrease the customer service rep’s call logging
behavior
Examination of scatterplot data to identify specific time frames and potential environmental contexts under which behavior does or does not occur
A. Assessment fidelity B. Assessment scope C. External validity of assessments D. Internal validity of assessments E. Pattern analysis F. Sequence analysis
E. Pattern analysis
Direct assessments do not involve direct observation of the behavior or behavior in question.
A. True
B. False
B. False
This is what distinguishes them from indirect assessments.
Indirect methods are the sine qua non of behavioral assessment (sine qua non is Latin for “without which it could not be”).
A. True
B. False
b. False
A child vocally requests food when she is at home with her mother but also when she is in math class at school and at church (where no food is available)
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
D. Lacks stimulus control
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Teach the child where to and NOT to vocally request food
Which of the following is a question that must be asked/answered when deciding to take the case?
A. Do you have the skills? B. Do you have the time? C. Do you have the resources? D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
Consists of questions to ask within pre-selected topics
This describes which indirect assessment method:
A. Records review
B. Interview
C. Paper-and-pencil questionnaires
B. Interview
A scatterplot plots occurrence of target behavior as a function of:
A. Time B. Activities C. Context D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
An assessment that gathers a wide range of
information about target behaviors and/or
environmental variables is said to have:
A. Low fidelity
B. High fidelity
C. Broad scope
D. Narrow scope
C. Broad scope
A child vocally requests food but only in the presence of her mother (not when other people who could provide her with food are around)
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
c. Lacks generality
Once you have ensured that the individual or agency providing the referral has authority to provide and has given consent to discuss the case with you, what step in the preliminary assessment process should be completed next?
A. Complete initial observation B. Complete initial paperwork C. Complete initial records review D. Determine if you have skills, time, and resources E. Document the disposition
D. Determine if you have skills, time, and resources
In which type of assessment does the witnesses tell the assessor about the behavior, directly or in writing?
A. Direct descriptive assessment B. Direct systematic manipulation C. Indirect assessment D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
C. Indirect assessment
*These are considered the: “tell me” methods
Which of the following is a type of descriptive assessment procedure?
A. Scatterplot analysis B. Narrative recording C. ABC data collection D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
Plus JMD’s data collection across conditions!
The final goal of service given in
functional statements about what
a person wants to accomplish and
attain in their life
A. “Can’t do” problem B. Concurrent intermediate outcome C. Intermediate outcome D. Referral problem E. Sequential intermediate outcome F. Short-term objective G. Ultimate outcome H. “Won’t do” problem
G. Ultimate outcome
Behavioral assessment includes a range of methods including:
A. Systematic manipulations B. Obtaining a psychometric score C. Gathering grade equivalent data D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
A. Systematic manipulations
A customer service rep has never logged a call into the computer program
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
B. Skill deficit
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Teach the customer service rep to log a call into the computer program
Ensure that the source of the referral has the authority and consent to discuss the case with you
Which step in the preliminary assessment:
A. Determining who has the authority to give consent
B. Determining if you have permission/skills/time/resources
C. Completing intake paperwork or the equivalent
D. Reviewing records and available data
E. Meeting client and begin observations
F. Documenting (including disposition)
A. Determining who has the authority to give consent
What should if the referral source does not have authority?
◦ Advise them to have the person who CAN provide consent to contact you
List the types of documents to review when conducting a records review:
A. “Disciplinary” reports B. Activity schedules C. Class schedules D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
Examination of scatterplot data to identify specific time frames and potential environmental contexts under which behavior does or does not occur
A. Assessment fidelity B. Assessment scope C. External validity of assessments D. Internal validity of assessments E. Pattern analysis F. Sequence analysis
E. Pattern analysis
Akela unloads the dishwasher at her house but does not unload the dishwasher when she is staying at her Oma’s house
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior: A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
C. Lacks generality
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Teach Akela how to unload different dishwashers
Does not do at all OR does not do independently (only with assistance)
OR does not initiate (only when told to)
Which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excess
B. Skill deficit
These are also called “___ do” problems
◦ CAN’T do
After collecting and analyzing ABC data you describe when Peter is not receiving attention or interaction, he will bite his wrist and hit his face; he typically obtains attention from staff or social interaction
This is an example of:
A. ABC data collection B. Anecdotal observation C. Functional assessment D. Pattern analysis E. Scatterplot F. Sequence analysis
F. Sequence analysis
Does but only under limited circumstances
Which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excess
c. Lacks generality
Scatterplot data can be used to find out:
A. What differs in times when behavior occurs most versus least
B. Similarities in times when behavior occurs about the same
C. The function of the problem behavior
D. All of the above
E. A and B but not C
E. A and B but not C
Which of the following is a characteristic of behavioral assessment:
A. Assessment is ongoing B. Takes an ecological perspective C. Behavior is a symptom of an underlying disorder D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
E. A and B but not C
Assessment of the probability of
behavior within different environmental contexts
A. ABC data collection B. Behavioral interview C. Data collection across conditions D. Narrative recording E. Records review F. Scatterplot G. Structured form
C. Data collection across conditions
Does but not well enough (lacks mastery) OR does well enough but lacks fluency OR does well enough but not frequently enough
Which type of problem with behavior: A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excess
A. Performance problem - Problem with strength
Is the person, group, or organization likely to benefit from your services? Do you have the skills? Do you have the time? Do you have the supports (were you to require them)? Are the financial arrangements satisfactory to all parties?
These are questions to address which goal of preliminary assessment:
A. Begin to identify the problem(s)
B. Determine if ABA services are needed/desired
C. Determine if other types of services may be needed
D. Determine whether or not to take the case
D. Determine whether or not to take the case
Indirect assessments do not involve direct observation of the behavior
or behavior in question.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Observer produces a written narrative of an individual’s responses throughout a specific period of time and a description of the
environmental conditions under which the responses were emitted
This describes A. Narrative recording B. Anecdotal observation C. Scatterplot D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
E. A and B but not C
Which of the following is a type of specialized assessment for behavioral
excesses:
A. Social skills assessments B. Vocational skills assessments C. Functional assessments D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
C. Functional assessments
Has done in the past but does not do it now OR does not do it enough
Which type of problem with behavior: A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excess
A. Performance problem
These are also called “___ do” problems
◦ WON’T do
Accomplishable goals that bring a
person closer to achieving ultimate
outcomes
A. “Can’t do” problem B. Concurrent intermediate outcome C. Intermediate outcome D. Referral problem E. Sequential intermediate outcome F. Short-term objective G. Ultimate outcome H. “Won’t do” problem
C. Intermediate outcome
Preliminary indirect assessment:
A. Consists of interviews and rating scales
B. Helps with the decision of whether or not to continue with case
C. Helps in planning further assessment
D. All of the above
E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
Outcome: Mike wants to eat his dinner as soon as he gets home from
work
Is this outcome observable and measurable?
A. Yes
B. No
A. Yes
What behavior change may be needed to meet this outcome?
◦ Learn how to cook or make a sandwich
When should scatterplot data be collected:
A. At the end of each interval B. At the end of each day C. At the end of each week D. Any of the above E. A or B but not C
A. At the end of each interval
Intermediate goals that should be
completed in a specific order to
attain an ultimate outcome
A. “Can’t do” problem B. Concurrent intermediate outcome C. Intermediate outcome D. Referral problem E. Sequential intermediate outcome F. Short-term objective G. Ultimate outcome H. “Won’t do” problem
E. Sequential intermediate outcome
What is the purpose of behavioral assessment:
A. Evaluate treatment effectiveness B. Monitor program implementation C. Evaluate maintenance and generalization D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
Akela has never unloaded the dishwasher
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior:
A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
B. Skill deficit
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Teach Akela to unload the dishwasher
Establish rapport, conduct a preliminary interview, make informal observations, describe services and contract, obtain signatures
Which step in the preliminary assessment:
A. Determining who has the authority to give consent
B. Determining if you have permission/skills/time/resources
C. Completing intake paperwork or the equivalent
D. Reviewing records and available data
E. Meeting client and beginning observations
F. Documenting (including disposition)
E. Meeting client and beginning observations
The extent to which the results of
an assessment accurately represent what occurs in the natural environment
A. Assessment fidelity B. Assessment scope C. External validity of assessments D. Internal validity of assessments E. Pattern analysis F. Sequence analysis
D. Internal validity of assessments
Outcomes represent changes in the person’s overall life experience.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Data collection of target behavior(s) under different contexts and environmental conditions without systematic manipulation provides data on differential probability of the occurrence of the target behavior
under different contexts and conditions.
A. True
B. False
A. True
An observer records all occurrences of specific target behavior(s), antecedent and consequent events (typically on a standardized data form)
A. ABC data collection B. Behavioral interview C. Data collection across conditions D. Narrative recording E. Records review F. Scatterplot G. Structured form
A. ABC data collection
A child has never vocally requested food in the past
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior: A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
B. Skill deficit
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Teach the child to vocally request food
Which assessment is broad band and low fidelity?
A. Screening B. Preliminary indirect assessment C. Functional analysis D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
E. A and B but not C
An observer produces a written description of the individual’s behaviors and the environmental conditions under which those
behaviors occur over a period of time
A. ABC data collection B. Behavioral interview C. Data collection across conditions D. Narrative recording E. Records review F. Scatterplot G. Structured form
D. Narrative recording
Does too much (either shouldn’t be doing at all OR should be doing but not that much)
Which type of problem with behavior: A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excess
E. Behavior excess
A measurable criterion for change
in some dimension of a target
behavior over a given period of
time
A. “Can’t do” problem B. Concurrent intermediate outcome C. Intermediate outcome D. Referral problem E. Sequential intermediate outcome F. Short-term objective G. Ultimate outcome H. “Won’t do” problem
F. Short-term objective
Are the problems significant enough to require intervention? Are the problems amenable to environmental manipulations? Are supports and resources available?
These are questions to address which goal of preliminary assessment:
A. Begin to identify the problem(s)
B. Determine if ABA services are needed/desired
C. Determine if other types of services may be needed
D. Determine whether or not to take the case
B. Determine if ABA services are needed/desired
Becoming self-actualized Is this outcome observable and measurable?
A. Yes
B. No
B. No (not according to behavior analysts)
Process of observing behavior as it
occurs in real time and the environment in which behavior occurs
A. Behavioral assessment B. Descriptive assessment C. Direct assessment D. Indirect assessment E. Preliminary assessment
C. Direct assessment
Which of the following is a characteristic of behavioral assessment:
A. Behavior is (in itself) important B. Behavior is situation-specific C. Assessment is only conducted pre/post-treatment D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
E. A and B but not C
Written questions designed to gather information about behavior and the environment
A. ABC data collection B. Behavioral interview C. Data collection across conditions D. Narrative recording E. Records review F. Scatterplot G. Structured form
G. Structured form
Akela unloads the dishwasher then reloads it with clean dishes so she can unload it again
This is an example of which type of problem with behavior: A. Performance problem B. Skill deficit C. Lacks generality D. Lacks stimulus control E. Behavior excesses
E. Behavior excesses
What should the behavior analyst do?
◦ Arrange contingencies to decrease Akela’s unloading the dishwasher behavior
Once you have reviewed records and available data, what step in the preliminary assessment process should be completed next?
A. Complete initial observation B. Complete initial paperwork C. Determine if you have consent D. Determine if you have skills, time, and resources E. Document the disposition
A. Complete initial observation
- This may depend on your access to the records and the system in which you work!
The range of information gathered and degree of focus on the issue in an assessment
A. Assessment fidelity B. Assessment scope C. External validity of assessments D. Internal validity of assessments E. Pattern analysis F. Sequence analysis
B. Assessment scope
What is the scope and fidelity of structured
forms?
A. Broad scope and low-medium fidelity
B. Broad scope and medium-high fidelity
C. Medium scope and low-medium fidelity
D. Medium scope and medium-high fidelity
C. Medium scope and low-medium fidelity
-Look for consistencies and inconsistencies in the answers on scales
A series of questions asked to the consumer or other stakeholders about behavior and the environment
A. ABC data collection B. Behavioral interview C. Data collection across conditions D. Narrative recording E. Records review F. Scatterplot G. Structured form
B. Behavioral interview
Which of the following is a goal of preliminary assessment:
A. Determine if ABA services are needed/desired
B. Determine whether to take the case
C. Determine if other types of services may be needed
D. All of the above
E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
Interviews may be conducted with the direct
service recipient about his or her own behavior.
A. True
B. False
A. True
A systematic gathering of
information to make data-based
decisions, regarding behavior and
the environment
A. Behavioral assessment B. Descriptive assessment C. Direct assessment D. Indirect assessment E. Preliminary assessment
A. Behavioral assessment
A systematic presentation and examination of information or data regarding target behavior and its stimulus conditions in an A-B-C format; done after doing narrative recording and/or ABC data collection
This describes: A. ABC data collection B. Anecdotal observation C. Functional assessment D. Pattern analysis E. Scatterplot F. Sequence analysis
F. Sequence analysis
Intermediate goals that are worked on together at the same time to attain an ultimate outcome
A. “Can’t do” problem B. Concurrent intermediate outcome C. Intermediate outcome D. Referral problem E. Sequential intermediate outcome F. Short-term objective G. Ultimate outcome H. “Won’t do” problem
B. Concurrent intermediate outcome
List the types of documents to review when conducting a records review:
A. Assessments B. Evaluations C. Treatment plans D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
D. All of the above
A process in which information is gathered on behavior through descriptions and recollections rather than through direct
observation
A. Behavioral assessment B. Descriptive assessment C. Direct assessment D. Indirect assessment E. Preliminary assessment
D. Indirect assessment
After collecting and analyzing ABC data you describe when Peter is asked to complete shaving or other self-care routines he will bite his wrist and grab or push staff members; he escapes from these activities
This is an example of:
A. ABC data collection B. Anecdotal observation C. Functional assessment D. Pattern analysis E. Scatterplot F. Sequence analysis
F. Sequence analysis
What is the scope and fidelity of a records review?
A. Medium scope and low-medium fidelity
B. Medium scope and medium-high fidelity
C. Narrow scope and low-medium fidelity
D. Narrow scope and medium-high fidelity
A. Medium scope and low-medium fidelity
*Focus begins to narrow in on the problem in this phase and the reliability ranges from poor to good
PRELIMINARY INDIRECT ASSESSMENT
- Internal Validity: Very low Subjective, Correlational
- External validity: Low to medium Depends on who/ when
Descriptive Assessment
-Internal validity: Low Correlational
External validity: Medium to high natural env
Which of the following is a purpose for conducting behavioral assessments?
A. Reduce need for program monitoring B. Identify target behaviors C. Identify appropriate DSM diagnosis D. All of the above E. A and B but not C
B. Identify target behaviors
Behavioral Assessment
-Systematic gathering of information, used
for?
*Guiding decisions about bx & the env
*Single Method? No, may include a range of methodologies
*Characteristics of Bx Assessment: Observable/ measurable Bx, Remember: Behavioral dimension, Ecological, Bx is situation-specific, On-going assessment
Which of the following is a characteristics of behavioral assessment:
A. Use of pre- and post-tests B. Taking an ecological perspective C. Evaluating behavior as the same in all situations D. Description of behavior as a symptom of some underlying cause
B. Taking an ecological perspective
Preliminary Indirect Assessment
Includes: Record review, interviews, questionnaires Used during the early, preliminary, stage of assessment
Direct Naturalistic Observation
Informed by the indirect assessment
Systematic Manipulation
-Includes functional analysis Discussed more in future units
Referral Problems
- Some types?
- Skill deficits sometimes called can’t do
- Performance problems
- Compliance issues some times called Won’t to
- Other issues (e.g. strength, fluency)
- Issues with stimulus control or Generalization
- Behavioral excess or prob Bx
Steps for Preliminary Assessment
- Determine who has the authority to give consent
- Do you have the permission, skills, time and resources
- Intake paperwork
- Initial review of records & existing data
- Meet client & observe
- Document
When beginning a preliminary
assessment, how should one start?
A. Review existing records B. Meet the client and observe C. Find out who can provide consent for services D. Assess the time and skills that would be needed
C. Find out who can provide consent for
services
Robin is has just finished looking over a potential client’s recent reports and data collected by a previous BCBA.
What step in conducting a preliminary assessment would come after this?
C. Meet the client, if appropriate, for initial
observations
Indirect Assessment Methods
-Records Review:
Document to review: Evals & Assess, support plans, schedules, Tx plans, process notes, reports and data, other correspondence
Information Obtained: Bx repertoires, env factors, medical history, legal info
*Structured Forms
*Behavioral Interviews
*Structured Forms
Indirect methods
Pre-designed tools that can be filled out be
caregivers
Some commonly used tools:
o Motivational Assessments Scale (MAS)
o Functional Assessment Screening Tool (FAST)
o Sleep Assessment and Treatment Tool (SATT)
Indirect Assessment Methods
*Records Review
*Structured Forms
*Behavioral interview
Information obtained includes identification
and description of:
o Behaviors, ecological events, events the
predict bx, potential functions, efficiency of
behavior, alternative bx, communication
skills, potential SR, history
Lily arranges a time to meet with her client Ferdinand’s father. She asks about the frequency of Ferdinand’s aggressive outbursts, what they look like, and situations that they tend to occur in.
Which type of indirect assessment does this describe? A. Records review B. Structured form C. Behavioral interview
C. Behavioral interview
Ted provides a client’s caregivers with a
tool that asks many predominantly closed-ended questions about the behavior of interest. He sits with them as it’s completed and asks follow-up questions as needed. Which type of indirect assessment does this describe?
A. Records review
B. Structured form
C. Behavioral interview
B. Structured form
*Descriptive Assessment Procedures
- Narrative Recording
- ABC Data Collection
- Scatterplot Analysis
- Data Collection Across Conditions
Narrative Recording
Sometimes called? Anecdotal
observation
• Observation and recording of events across a specified time • Notes are taken on the behavior and environmental variables • Can be interpreted using a sequence analysis
Narrative Recording Example
Monday-Frank
8:45am-9:00am
Seated classwork
Frank was completing a worksheet while
receiving teacher help. The teacher left Frank’s table to help another student. Frank shoved a table-mate and the teacher moved Frank to a seat closer to the front of the room.
Descriptive Assessment Procedures
ABC Data Collection
• Involves structured data collection on all
instance of specified responses and relevant environmental variables
• When a targeted response occurs the data
collector will mark the relevant As, Bs, and
Cs or record them in an open-ended form
• Can be analyzed using a sequence analysis
Descriptive Assessment Procedures
Scatterplot
*Vertical axis indicates time intervals • Horizontal axis indicates days • Mark during intervals behavior occurs - Occurrence/nonoccurrence - Discrete categorization coding system • What time of time sampling data is this? (hint: PIR, WIR, MTS) - Partial interval recording • Can be interpreted using a pattern analysis
Descriptive Assessment Procedures
Data Collection Across Conditions
• Observe and take data on the behavior of interest in several contexts - Not manipulating environmental variables • Compare the measure of behavior across conditions to identify: - Antecedent conditions - Potential maintaining SRs • Compare and contrast conditions in which behavior occurs versus does not occur
Which type of descriptive assessment
Clare collects data on the rate of Frank’s
shoving during circle time, during recess,
and during independent work times. She
looks to see under which situation the
behavior occurs most
A. Scatterplot
B. Narrative recording
C. ABC data collection
D. Data collection across conditions
D. Data collection across conditions
Which type of descriptive assessment Clare collects codified data across the school week on the occurrence of Frank’s shoving. During an interval in which the behavior occurs Clare marks that square on her data sheet.
A. Scatterplot
B. Narrative recording
C. ABC data collection
D. Data collection across conditions
A. Scatterplot
Which type of descriptive assessment Clare watches Frank in his classroom. She takes continuous notes on what Frank is doing and the environmental variables as they occur.
A. Scatterplot
B. Narrative recording
C. ABC data collection
D. Data collection across conditions
B• Narrative recording
If she was marking pre-specified behaviors and variables?
-ABC Data collection
Which analysis does this describe?
_____ Analysis
• Identifies patterns of behavior across
time/conditions
• Examines the times in which behavior does or does not occur
*Pattern Analysis
Which assessment method is Summarized this way? Scatter Plot
Sequence Analysis
- Summarizes the sequence of conditions surrounding bx
- Which assessment method is summarized this way?
*Narrative and ABC data collection
Which type of analysis.
When Frank’s teacher is assisting
another student he is likely to shove
other kids, this typically results in
access to teacher attention
A. Pattern analysis
B. Sequence analysis
B. Sequence analysis
Which type of analysis.
Frank shoves kids most often before
recess and between snack time and
the end of the school day.
A. Pattern analysis
B. Sequence analysis
A. Pattern analysis-We would get this data from what type of direct assessment? Scatter plot
Internal Validity
The extent to which the results of an assessment accurately represent what occurs in the natural environment
External Validity
The extent to which an assessment’s findings hold true across variations in
environmental conditions and/or time
