Unit 3 Key Terms Flashcards
What is preconventional morality?
Kohlberg’s first level of moral thinking.
-we obey to gain a reward or avoid punishment
What is conventional morality?
Kohlberg second level of moral thinking.
- We uphold laws and social rules simply because they exist.
- We conform to the law and to societies expectations.
What is postconventional morality?
Kohlberg’s third level of moral thinking.
- We act based on well thought out moral principles.
- We consider ethics and the rights of others before acting
What are Ericksons psychosocial stages(7) and their problems?
- Infancy (to 1 year): trust vs mistrust.
- Toddlerhood (1 to 3): autonomy vs shame and doubt.
- Preschool (3 to 4): initiative vs guilt.
- Elementary school (6 to puberty): competence vs inferiority
- Adolescense (teen to 20’s): Identity vs role confusion
- Young Adulthood: generativity vs stagnation
- late adulthood: integrity vs despair
What is the general adaptation syndrome?o
Selye’s Concept of the bodies adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
What is the attribution theory?
The theory that we explain someone’s behaviour by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
What is social loafing?
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
What is assimilation?
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
What is accommodation?
Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
What is secure attachment style?
Children who are securely attached generally become visibly upset when the caregivers leave, and are happy when their parents return.
What are piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
What is the sensorimotor stage? What is the developmental phenomena?
Piaget
- birth to 2
- experience in the world to her senses and actions. Looking, hearing, touching, nothing, and grasping.
- object permanence.
What is preoperational stage? What is the developmental phenomena that occurs at the stage?
- 2-6
- representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning
- egocentrism.
What is the concrete operational stage? What developmental phenomena occurs at the stage?
- 7-11
- Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetic operations.
- conservation
What is the formal operational stage? What developmental phenomena occurs at the stage?
- 12 to adulthood
- abstract reasoning
- abstract logic. Potential for mature moral reasoning
What is egocentrism?
In piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
What is object permanence?
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not seen
What is conservation?
The principle that property such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Vygotsky’s scaffolding?
- how the child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment.
- parents and others provide a temporary scaffold from which the children can step to higher levels of thinking
What is the other race effect?
The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.
What are schemas?
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
What is passionate love?
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a relationship.
What is the two factor theory?
Schachter-singer Theory that to experience emotion one must
(1) be physically aroused and
(2) cognitively label the arousal
What is companionate love?
The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
What are the three issues of developmental psychology?
(1) nature and nurture
(2) continuity and stages
(3) stability and change
What are three parenting styles?
(1) authoritarian: parents are coercive.
(2) permissive: parents are unrestraining.
(3) authoritative: parents are confrontive. Both demanding and responsive.
What is the social clock?
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal then one individually accountable is called what?
Social loafing
Improved performance on simple Orwell learned tasks in the presence of others is called what?
Social facilitation
The loss of self-awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity is called what?
Deindividuation
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in the decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives is called what?
Groupthink
The enhancement of a groups prevailing beliefs through discussion within the group is called what?
Group polarization
What are teratogens?
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can harm the embryo or foetus during development
What are Kohlberg’s levels of moral thinking?
- Preconventional morality.
- Conventional morality.
- Postconventional morality
