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Psychology 101 > Unit 3 Key Terms > Flashcards

Unit 3 Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is preconventional morality?

A

Kohlberg’s first level of moral thinking.

-we obey to gain a reward or avoid punishment

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2
Q

What is conventional morality?

A

Kohlberg second level of moral thinking.

  • We uphold laws and social rules simply because they exist.
  • We conform to the law and to societies expectations.
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3
Q

What is postconventional morality?

A

Kohlberg’s third level of moral thinking.

  • We act based on well thought out moral principles.
  • We consider ethics and the rights of others before acting
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4
Q

What are Ericksons psychosocial stages(7) and their problems?

A
  • Infancy (to 1 year): trust vs mistrust.
  • Toddlerhood (1 to 3): autonomy vs shame and doubt.
  • Preschool (3 to 4): initiative vs guilt.
  • Elementary school (6 to puberty): competence vs inferiority
  • Adolescense (teen to 20’s): Identity vs role confusion
  • Young Adulthood: generativity vs stagnation
  • late adulthood: integrity vs despair
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5
Q

What is the general adaptation syndrome?o

A

Selye’s Concept of the bodies adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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6
Q

What is the attribution theory?

A

The theory that we explain someone’s behaviour by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition.

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7
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

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8
Q

What is social loafing?

A

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

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9
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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10
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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11
Q

What is secure attachment style?

A

Children who are securely attached generally become visibly upset when the caregivers leave, and are happy when their parents return.

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12
Q

What are piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational
  3. Concrete operational
  4. Formal operational
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13
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage? What is the developmental phenomena?

A

Piaget

  • birth to 2
  • experience in the world to her senses and actions. Looking, hearing, touching, nothing, and grasping.
  • object permanence.
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14
Q

What is preoperational stage? What is the developmental phenomena that occurs at the stage?

A
  • 2-6
  • representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning
  • egocentrism.
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15
Q

What is the concrete operational stage? What developmental phenomena occurs at the stage?

A
  • 7-11
  • Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetic operations.
  • conservation
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16
Q

What is the formal operational stage? What developmental phenomena occurs at the stage?

A
  • 12 to adulthood
  • abstract reasoning
  • abstract logic. Potential for mature moral reasoning
17
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

In piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

18
Q

What is object permanence?

A

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not seen

19
Q

What is conservation?

A

The principle that property such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

20
Q

Vygotsky’s scaffolding?

A
  • how the child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment.
  • parents and others provide a temporary scaffold from which the children can step to higher levels of thinking
21
Q

What is the other race effect?

A

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.

22
Q

What are schemas?

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

23
Q

What is passionate love?

A

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a relationship.

24
Q

What is the two factor theory?

A

Schachter-singer Theory that to experience emotion one must

(1) be physically aroused and
(2) cognitively label the arousal

25
Q

What is companionate love?

A

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

26
Q

What are the three issues of developmental psychology?

A

(1) nature and nurture
(2) continuity and stages
(3) stability and change

27
Q

What are three parenting styles?

A

(1) authoritarian: parents are coercive.
(2) permissive: parents are unrestraining.
(3) authoritative: parents are confrontive. Both demanding and responsive.

28
Q

What is the social clock?

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

29
Q

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal then one individually accountable is called what?

A

Social loafing

30
Q

Improved performance on simple Orwell learned tasks in the presence of others is called what?

A

Social facilitation

31
Q

The loss of self-awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity is called what?

A

Deindividuation

32
Q

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in the decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives is called what?

A

Groupthink

33
Q

The enhancement of a groups prevailing beliefs through discussion within the group is called what?

A

Group polarization

34
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can harm the embryo or foetus during development

35
Q

What are Kohlberg’s levels of moral thinking?

A
  1. Preconventional morality.
  2. Conventional morality.
  3. Postconventional morality

Psychology 101 (9 decks)

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