Chapter 12: Stress & Illness (Unit-3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three categories of stressors?

A
  1. catastrophes
  2. significant life changes
  3. daily hassles
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2
Q

What is General adaptation syndrome?

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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3
Q

What is Selye’s basic point?

A

Although the human body copes well with temporary stress, prolonged stress can damage it

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4
Q

What is tend and befriend?

A

Under stress, people often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

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5
Q

What is health and psychology?

A

Subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioural medicine

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6
Q

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

A

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and health

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7
Q

What is stress?

A

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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8
Q

What is Type A personality?

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people.

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9
Q

What is type B personality?

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term easygoing, relaxed people

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10
Q

What is type D personality?

A

People with this personality type suppress their negative emotion to avoid social disapproval

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11
Q

What is coping?

A

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioural methods.

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12
Q

What is problem focussed coping?

A

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

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13
Q

What is emotion focussed coping?

A

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to her stress reaction.

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14
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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15
Q

What is U-Stress?

A

Positive stress.
-positive because they are pleasant, fulfilling. And we feel like we have some control over them
Comes from positive activities such as planning a party sports, dating, buying a car warehouse, traveling.

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16
Q

What is Distress?

A

Negative stress. Negative because it is unpleasant, undesired, and you cannot control it

17
Q

What is the stress response cycle?

A
  1. Primary appraisal: initial evaluation. You see something as either positive negative or neutral.
  2. Secondary appraisal: based on our ability to cope with/meet demands of the situation. Coping mechanisms.
  3. Reappraisal
18
Q

What is T =F= 100%?

A

What we think(T) affects how we feel. Once we feel(F) it, we believe it to be 100% true (100%)

19
Q

What are some unhealthy and healthy coping mechanisms for stress?

A

UnHealthy:

  • over eating
  • drinking/drugs
  • procrastination

Healthy:

  • exercise
  • breathing
  • laughing
20
Q

Selye’s General adaptation syndrome consists of an alarm reaction followed by ___________, then _________.

A

Resistance, and exhaustion

21
Q

When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to experience the __________- and - __________ response

A

Tend and befriend.

22
Q

The number of short-term illnesses and stress-related psychological disorders was higher than usual in the months following an earthquake. Such findings suggest that:

a) daily hassles have adverse health consequences.
b) Experiencing a very stressful event increases a person’s vulnerability to illness.
c) The amount of stress a person feels is directly related to the number of stressors experienced.
d) Small bad events don’t cause stress, but larger ones can be toxic.

A

B) experiencing a very stressful event increases a persons vulnerability to illness.

23
Q

Which of the following is not one of the three main types of stressors?

a) catastrophes,
b) significant life changes,
c) daily hassles,
d) threatening events that we hear about.

A

d) threatening events that we hear about

24
Q

Research has shown that people are at increased risk for cancer a year or so after experiencing depression, helplessness, or bereavement. In describing this link, researchers are quick to point out that.

a) Accumulated stress causes cancer.
b) Anger is the negative emotion most closely linked to cancer.
c) Stress does not create cancer cells, but we can is the body’s natural defences against them.
d) Feeling optimistic about chances of survival ensures that a cancer patient will get well.

A

c) stress does not create cancer cells, but it weakens the body’s natural defences against them.

25
Q

Chinese proverb warns, “the fire you kindle for your enemy often burns you more than him.” how is this true of type a individuals?

A

Type a individuals frequently experience negative emotions, such as anger or depression, during which the sympathetic nervous system diverts blood away from the liver. This leaves fat and cholesterol circulating in the blood stream for deposit near the heart and other organs, increasing the risk of heart disease and other health problems. Thus type a individuals actually harm themselves by directing angry at others

26
Q

When faced with a situation over which you feel you have no sense of control is it most affective to use emotion or problem-focussed coping?

A

Emotion

27
Q

Seligman’s research showed that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has had:

a) The opportunity to escape.
b) No control over the shocks.
c) Pain or discomfort.
d) No food or water prior to the shocks.

A

b) no control over the shocks

28
Q

What is an internal locus of control?

A

The perception that we control our own fate.

29
Q

What is an external locus of control?

A

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.

30
Q

People who have close relationships are most likely to die prematurely than those who do not, supporting the idea that:

a) social ties can be a source of stress.
b) Gender influences longevity.
c) Type A personality is responsible for many premature deaths.
d) Social support has a beneficial effect on health.

A

D)

31
Q

Because it triggers the release of mood boosting neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endorphins, ________ exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression and anxiety.

A

Aerobic

32
Q

Research on the fifth factor has found that:

a) pessimists tend to be healthier than optimist.
b) Our expectations influence our feelings of stress.
c) Religiously active people tend to outlive those who are not religiously active.
d) Religious engagement promotes isolation, repression, and ill health.

A

C