Chapter 12: Stress & Illness (Unit-3)

Question 1

What are the three categories of stressors?

Answer 1

1. catastrophes
2. significant life changes
3. daily hassles

Question 2

What is General adaptation syndrome?

Answer 2

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Question 3

What is Selye’s basic point?

Answer 3

Although the human body copes well with temporary stress, prolonged stress can damage it

Question 4

What is tend and befriend?

Answer 4

Under stress, people often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

Question 5

What is health and psychology?

Answer 5

Subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioural medicine

Question 6

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

Answer 6

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and health

Question 7

What is stress?

Answer 7

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Question 8

What is Type A personality?

Answer 8

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people.

Question 9

What is type B personality?

Answer 9

Friedman and Rosenman’s term easygoing, relaxed people

Question 10

What is type D personality?

Answer 10

People with this personality type suppress their negative emotion to avoid social disapproval

Question 11

What is coping?

Answer 11

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioural methods.

Question 12

What is problem focussed coping?

Answer 12

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Question 13

What is emotion focussed coping?

Answer 13

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to her stress reaction.

Question 14

What is learned helplessness?

Answer 14

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 15

What is U-Stress?

Answer 15

Positive stress.
-positive because they are pleasant, fulfilling. And we feel like we have some control over them
Comes from positive activities such as planning a party sports, dating, buying a car warehouse, traveling.

Question 16

What is Distress?

Answer 16

Negative stress. Negative because it is unpleasant, undesired, and you cannot control it

Question 17

What is the stress response cycle?

Answer 17

1. Primary appraisal: initial evaluation. You see something as either positive negative or neutral.
2. Secondary appraisal: based on our ability to cope with/meet demands of the situation. Coping mechanisms.
3. Reappraisal

Question 18

What is T =F= 100%?

Answer 18

What we think(T) affects how we feel. Once we feel(F) it, we believe it to be 100% true (100%)

Question 19

What are some unhealthy and healthy coping mechanisms for stress?

Answer 19

UnHealthy:

• over eating
• drinking/drugs
• procrastination

Healthy:

• exercise
• breathing
• laughing

Question 20

Selye’s General adaptation syndrome consists of an alarm reaction followed by ___________, then _________.

Answer 20

Resistance, and exhaustion

Question 21

When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to experience the __________- and - __________ response

Answer 21

Tend and befriend.

Question 22

The number of short-term illnesses and stress-related psychological disorders was higher than usual in the months following an earthquake. Such findings suggest that:

a) daily hassles have adverse health consequences.
b) Experiencing a very stressful event increases a person’s vulnerability to illness.
c) The amount of stress a person feels is directly related to the number of stressors experienced.
d) Small bad events don’t cause stress, but larger ones can be toxic.

Answer 22

B) experiencing a very stressful event increases a persons vulnerability to illness.

Question 23

Which of the following is not one of the three main types of stressors?

a) catastrophes,
b) significant life changes,
c) daily hassles,
d) threatening events that we hear about.

Answer 23

d) threatening events that we hear about

Question 24

Research has shown that people are at increased risk for cancer a year or so after experiencing depression, helplessness, or bereavement. In describing this link, researchers are quick to point out that.

a) Accumulated stress causes cancer.
b) Anger is the negative emotion most closely linked to cancer.
c) Stress does not create cancer cells, but we can is the body’s natural defences against them.
d) Feeling optimistic about chances of survival ensures that a cancer patient will get well.

Answer 24

c) stress does not create cancer cells, but it weakens the body’s natural defences against them.

Question 25

Chinese proverb warns, “the fire you kindle for your enemy often burns you more than him.” how is this true of type a individuals?

Answer 25

Type a individuals frequently experience negative emotions, such as anger or depression, during which the sympathetic nervous system diverts blood away from the liver. This leaves fat and cholesterol circulating in the blood stream for deposit near the heart and other organs, increasing the risk of heart disease and other health problems. Thus type a individuals actually harm themselves by directing angry at others

Question 26

When faced with a situation over which you feel you have no sense of control is it most affective to use emotion or problem-focussed coping?

Answer 26

Emotion

Question 27

Seligman’s research showed that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has had:

a) The opportunity to escape.
b) No control over the shocks.
c) Pain or discomfort.
d) No food or water prior to the shocks.

Answer 27

b) no control over the shocks

Question 28

What is an internal locus of control?

Answer 28

The perception that we control our own fate.

Question 29

What is an external locus of control?

Answer 29

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.

Question 30

People who have close relationships are most likely to die prematurely than those who do not, supporting the idea that:

a) social ties can be a source of stress.
b) Gender influences longevity.
c) Type A personality is responsible for many premature deaths.
d) Social support has a beneficial effect on health.

Answer 30

D)

Question 31

Because it triggers the release of mood boosting neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endorphins, ________ exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression and anxiety.

Answer 31

Aerobic

Question 32

Research on the fifth factor has found that:

a) pessimists tend to be healthier than optimist.
b) Our expectations influence our feelings of stress.
c) Religiously active people tend to outlive those who are not religiously active.
d) Religious engagement promotes isolation, repression, and ill health.

Answer 32

C