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Psychology 101 > Chapter 2 - The Biology Of The Mind. > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Biology Of The Mind. Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

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2
Q

What are dendrites?

A

A neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

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3
Q

What is the axon?

A

The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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4
Q

What is the Myelin sheath?

A

A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next.

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5
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning, thinking and memory

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6
Q

What is the action potential?

A

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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7
Q

What is the neural impulse?

A

At rest, the inside of the axon is more negative than the outside. This is called resting potential.
When stimulated, the permeability of the membrane changes allowing sodium to float inside.

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8
Q

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

A

-70mv

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9
Q

What is the graded potential?

A

Small change (ie -65mv)

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10
Q

What is the neuron threshold?

A

-55mv (The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse)

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11
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

A period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

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12
Q

What is the synapse?

A

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft

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13
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptors sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

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14
Q

What is reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron

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15
Q

When a neuron fires an action potential, the information travels through the axon, the dendrites, and the cell body, but not in that order. Place these three structures in the correct order.

A

Dendrites, cell body, axon

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16
Q

How does our nervous system allow us to experience the difference between a slap and a tap on the back?

A

Stronger stimuli (the slap) cause more neurons to fire and to fire more frequently than happens with weaker stimuli (the tap)

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17
Q

What happens in the synaptic gap?

A

Neuron send neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) across this tiny space between one neuron’s terminal branch and the next neuron’s dendrite or cell body.

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18
Q

What is reuptake? What two other things can happen to excess neurotransmitters after a neuron reacts?

A

Reuptake occurs when excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron. They can also drift away or be broken down by enzymes

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19
Q

What are endorphins?

A

“Morphine within” -natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure.

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20
Q

Serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins are all chemical messengers called ________

A

Neurotransmitters

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21
Q

What is an agonist molecule?

A

A molecule that increases a neurotransmitters action

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22
Q

What is an antagonist molecule?

A

A molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitters action

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23
Q

Curare poisoning paralyzes its victims by blocking ACH receptors involved in muscle movements. Morphine mimics endorphin actions. which is an agonist and which is an antagonist?

A

Morphine is an agonist( increases); curare is an antagonist (decreases).

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24
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

The bodies speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

25
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

26
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

27
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

28
Q

What are sensory (afferent) neurons?

A

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

29
Q

What are motor (efferent) neurons?

A

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

30
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord; communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

31
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.

32
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • involuntary (automatic) movement.
  • The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). It’s sympathetic division arouses; it’s parasympathetic division calms.
33
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy. Fight or flight.

34
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving it’s energy.

35
Q

Match the type of the neuron to its description.

1) motor neurons
2) sensory neurons
3) interneurons

a. Carry incoming messages from sensory receptors to the CNS.
b. Communicate within the CNS and process information between incoming and outgoing messages.
c. Carry outgoing messages from the CNS to muscles and glands.

A

1.c. ; 2.a. ; 3.b

36
Q

What bodily changes does your ANS direct before and after you give an important speech?

A

Your ANS sympathetic division will arouse you. It accelerates your heartbeat, raises your blood pressure and blood sugar, slows your digestion, and cools you with perspiration. After you finish the speech, your ANS parasympathetic division will reverse these effects.

37
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

38
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

The body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

39
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

40
Q

What are adrenal glands?

A

A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

41
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

The endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

42
Q

Why is the pituitary gland called the “master gland”?

A

Responding to signals from the hypothalamus, the pituitary releases hormones that trigger other endocrine glands to secrete hormones, which in turn influence brain and behavior.

43
Q

How are the nervous and endocrine systems alike, and how do they differ?

A

Both of these Communications Systems produce chemical molecules that act on the bodies receptors to influence our behavior and emotions. The endocrine system, which secretes hormones into the bloodstream, delivers its messages much more slowly than the speedy nervous system, and the effects of the endocrine system’s messages tend to linger much longer than those of the nervous system.

44
Q

What is the biological perspective?

A

Concerned with the links between biology and behavior.

45
Q

What is the medulla in charge of?

A

Breathing and heartbeat.

46
Q

What is the pons in charge of?

A

Sleep and breathing

47
Q

What is the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinated movement learning and remembering tasks

48
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Takes sensory information and redirects it to the correct part of the brain

49
Q

What is the reticular activating system?

A

Part of the brain that keeps you awake and filter stimuli

50
Q

What is the amydala?

A

Part of the corpus callosum in charge of anger

51
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

Part of the corpus callosum in charge of eating behavior sexual behavior, body temperature, produces hormones, and has some emotional control.

52
Q

What does the nucleus accumbens do.

A

It is in charge of pleasure

53
Q

What is the purpose of the offactory bulb?

A

Smell

54
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Outermost layer of the brain. Has four lobes

55
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Part of the brain that makes you you. Has executive functions, impulse control, primary motor complex where the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice versa

56
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

Somatosensory cortex which allows you to feel sensations on the opposite side of the body.

57
Q

What are the temporal lobe’s?

A

Where auditory information is translated. Has Wernick’s area for speech comprehension

58
Q

What are the occipital lobe’s for?

A

Visual processing.

Psychology 101 (9 decks)

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