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Psychology 101 > Chapter 13: Social Psychology (unit 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Social Psychology (unit 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the attribution theory?

A

The theory is that we explain someone’s behaviour by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition.

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2
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

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3
Q

What do social psychologists do?

A

Use scientific methods to study how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
-They study the social influences that explain why the same person will act differently in different situations

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4
Q

What is the definition of attitude?

A

Feelings often influenced by her beliefs that predisposes to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
Our attitudes influence our actions.

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5
Q

What is peripheral route persuasion?

A

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as the speakers attractiveness.

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6
Q

What is central route persuasion?

A

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favourable thoughts.

-because it is more thoughtful and the superficial, this form of persuasion is more durable

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7
Q

What is the foot in the door phenomenon?

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

  • works best if there is some amount of time, such as several days, between the first small request and the second large request
  • make sure that the first small request is almost certainly something the person will regularly agree to
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8
Q

How do our actions affect our attitudes?

A

We tend to stand up for what we believe in, or act in ways congruent with our beliefs.
When we do so, our attitudes are strengthened.

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9
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

Tension we feel when our attitudes and actions clash.

-When we experience cognitive dissonance we change our attitudes to bring them in line with our actions

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10
Q

What is conformity?

A

Adjusting our behaviour or thinking to coincide with the group standard.

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11
Q

What is a normative social influence?

A

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Might not necessarily believe that others are correct, we may simply want to be like or avoid being punished

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12
Q

What is informational social influence?

A

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others opinions about reality.

  • we follow others because we think that they have accurate knowledge.
  • we have a faith that they are right and we want to be right as well
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13
Q

What was the Asch experiment?

A

Told to identify which line was the longest, or closest to the length of another line

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14
Q

What is obedience?

A

Like conformity, obedience means that we have adjusted our behaviours and beliefs to a group standard, but in this case, we have done so simply because we’ve been told to do so by someone in a position of authority

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15
Q

What is the Stanley Milgram experiment?

A

Teacher and student. Teacher has to shock students when they get the answers wrong.

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16
Q

What are 4 factors that affect obedience?

A
  1. Remoteness of the victim: if the person being harmed is out of sight, obedience is greater.
  2. Legitimacy of the authority figure: if a person wears a uniform or lab coat, or claims to be a pro presenter of a prestigious organization, obedience increases
  3. Proximity of the authority figure: if authority figure is physically present, obedience increases
  4. Cog in a wheel: when someone else does the actual physical harm, obedience increases
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17
Q

What are five ways that we are influenced by the presence of others?

A
  1. Social Facilitation
  2. Social Loafing
  3. Deindividuation
  4. Group Polarization
  5. Groupthink
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18
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

Improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others.

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19
Q

What is social loafing?

A
  • the presence of others gives us the excuse to slack off.
  • The tendency for people in a group exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal then when individually accountable.
20
Q

What is deindividuation?

A
  • the presence of others provides us with a loss of individuality that leads to disinhibition.
  • become anonymous and feel less responsible for our actions.
  • The loss of self-awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
21
Q

What is group polarization?

A

The presence of other like-minded individuals enhances our beliefs, sometimes to the extreme.

22
Q

What is group think?

A
  • the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility.
  • The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
23
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Occurs when we negatively pre-judge someone based on their membership in a group.
-Often targets different cultural, ethnic, or gender group

24
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Occurs when we behave based on our prejudices.

-unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group and its members

25
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

A generalized belief about a group of people

26
Q

Three reasons why we are prejudiced?

A
  1. Social roots (social inequalities, just world phenomenon, in group outgroup)
  2. Emotional roots (scapegoat theory, realistic group conflict theory)
  3. Cognitive roots (categorization)
27
Q

How do social inequalities effect why we are prejudiced?

A

Those that have the most feel the need to justify the inequality

28
Q

What is the just world phenomenon?

A

Good is rewarded and evil is punished

29
Q

What is the in-group out-group bias?

A

We identify with certain groups and contrast ourselves with others.
- We overestimate the similarity within groups to which we do not belong

30
Q

What is the scapegoat theory?

A

When we are frustrated, angry, or afraid we tend to lay blame elsewhere and take it out on others.

31
Q

What is the realistic group conflict theory?

A

Prejudicial attitudes stem from perceived competition for limited resources

32
Q

What is categorization?

A

We simplify our world by creating schemas.

33
Q

What are schemas?

A

Mental files, which are the equivalent of stereotypes, are often oversimplified and inaccurate

34
Q

What are two other reasons why we could be prejudiced?

A
  1. Peer pressure/conformity: we conform to group norms
  2. the prejudice personality: maybe we inherit a sense of self importance and a tendency to see the world as black-and-white
  3. perhaps we just learn to be prejudiced
35
Q

What are four ways to minimize prejudice?

A
  1. beware of stereotyping.
  2. Befriend people from another racial, ethnic, or cultural group. Focus on them as individuals not as members of a particular group.
  3. Be humble: don’t hold an attitude of superiority.
  4. be aware of the self-fulfilling prophecy.
36
Q

What is aggression?

A

Any behaviour intended to injure someone physically or psychologically

37
Q

What are four psychosocial factors that lead to aggression?

A
  1. Provocation.
  2. Frustration.
  3. Aversive arousal.
  4. The fundamental attribution error.
38
Q

What are the three components to attraction?

A
  1. Proximity (mere exposure effect)
  2. physical attractiveness.
  3. similarity of attitudes and interests.
39
Q

What is altruism?

A

An unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

40
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
-occurs when there is a diffusion of responsibility

41
Q

What are three factors that will make someone more likely to be helped?

A

People are most likely to help if they

  1. notice an accident.
  2. Interpreted as an emergency.
  3. Assume responsibility for helping.
42
Q

What is passionate love?

A

And a row state of intense positive absorption into another. Usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

43
Q

What is companionate love

A

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom I lives are intertwined.

44
Q

What factors promote a good relationship?

A

Respect, acceptance, positive attributions,

  • self-disclosure
  • equity/reciprocity (equally give)
45
Q

What is the Reciprocity Norm?

A

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

46
Q

What is social responsibility norm?

A

An expectation that people will help those needing their help.

47
Q

What is social psychology?

A

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Psychology 101 (9 decks)

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