Chapters 7, 8, 9 Flashcards
Learning is defined as the “process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring _______ or ________.”
information; behaviours
Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates ______, and operant condition, in which the organism associates ______.
a. two or more responses; a response and consequence
b. two or more stimuli; two or more responses
c. two or more stimuli; a response and consequence
d. two or more responses; two or more stimuli
c.
In Pavlov’s experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became a(n) _____ stimulus.
conditioned
Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not to a square. This process is an example of _________.
discrimination
After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, dog, and a sealskin coat. This illustrates what?
Generalization
“Sex sells!” is a common saying in advertising. Using classical conditioning terms, explain how sexual images in advertisements can condition your response to a product.
Sexual image is UNCONDITIONED STIMULI that triggers UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE of interest or arousal. Before advertisement pairs product with sexual image, product is a Neutral Stimuli. Over time, the product can become a CS that triggers the CR of interest or arousal.
Thorndike’s law of effect was the basis for ______ work on operant conditioning and behaviour control.
Skinner’s
One way to change behaviour is to reward natural behaviours in small steps, as the organism gets closer and closer to a desired behaviour. This process is called_____
shaping
Your dog is barking so loudly that it’s making your ears ring. You clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing and you think to yourself, “I’ll have to do that when he barks again.” The end of barking is for you a?
Negative Reinforcer
How could your psychology instructor use negative reinforcement to encourage your attentive behaviour during class?
Take away something you dislike. ie: offer shortened length of assigned paper, replace lecture with in-class activity.
Reinforcing a desired response only some of the times it occurs is called _____ reinforcement.
Parial
A restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price, your fifth meal will be free. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.
Fixed-Ratio
The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods is a _____-______ schedule.
Variable-Interval
A medieval proverb notes that a “burnt child dreads the fire.” In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a?
punisher
Garcia and Koelling’s ______-______ studies showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus.
taste-aversion
Taste-aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights or sounds. What evolutionary psychology finding does this support?
This finding supports Darwin’s principle that natural selection favours traits that aid survival.
Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rats
a. spontaneously recover previously learned behaviour
b. develop cognitive maps.
c. exhibit respondent behaviour
d. generalize responses
b. develop cognitive maps
Rats that explored the maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats that had received food rewards for running the maze. The rats that learned without reinforcement demonstrated _________.
latent learning
Children learn many social behaviours by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called _________.
observational learning
According to Bandura, we learn by watching models because we experience ______ reinforcement or ______ punishment.
vicarious; vicarious
Parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if
a. Their words and actions are consistent
b. they have outgoing personalities
c. one parent works and the other stays home to care for the children
they carefully explain why behaviour is acceptable in adults but not children
a. Their words and actions are consistent
Some scientists believe that the brain has _____ neurons that enable empathy and imitation
mirror
Most experts agree that repeated viewing of media violence
a. makes viewers signigicantly more aggressive.
b. has little effect on viewers
c. dulls viewer’s sensitivity to violence
d. makes viewers angry and frustrated
c. dull’s sensitivity to violence
Define Associative Learning.
Learning that certain events occur together.
Events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning).
Define Respondent behaviour
Behaviour that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Operant Behaviour?
Behaviour that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
Cognitive Learning?
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.
Classical Conditioning?
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
Neutral Stimulus?
In CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UR or UCR)?
- Unlearned response triggered by Unconditioned Stimulus.
- Unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (US or UCS)?
- Stimulus that causes response without prior learning.
- Stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers an unconditioned response.
Conditioned Response (CR)?
- Learned response
- A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?
-Initially neutral stimulus that triggers a learned (conditioned) response.
Extinction?
Stopping a behaviour when association is gone.
Spontaneous Recovery?
Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
If the aroma of a baking cake sets your mouth to watering, what is the UCS? the CS? The CR?
UCS-The cake
CS- Aroma of cake
CR - Salivation to the aroma
The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called ______. When a UCS is no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened, this is called _______.
Acquisition; extinction
Classical Stimulus Generalization?
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus cause conditioned response.
What is the effect of sexually arousing images of women being paired with violence in horror movies?
UCS -Sexually arousing image
UCR - arousal
CS - violence
CR - violence is sexually arousing
Classical Discrimination?
Learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an UCS
Child learned to fear a white rat after repeatedly experiencing a loud noise as the rat was presented. In this experiment, what was the UCS, UCR, NS, CS, and CR?
UCS - Noise UCR - Fear NS - Rat before noise was added CS - Rat CR - Fear of rat
Higher-Order Conditioning?
Neutral stimulus becomes CS after being paired with an already conditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning?
Type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Law of Effect?
If behaviour is rewarding = repeat
If behaviour is not rewarding = don’t repeat
Antecedents?
First. Discriminative stimulant. Precedes behaviour.
Behaviours (in regards to Operant conditioning)?
Action/response that yo reward or punish
Consequences (Operant conditioning)?
Positive or negative reward
With _____ Conditioning we learn associations between events we do not control. With _____ conditioning, we learn associations between our behaviour and resulting events.
Classical; Operant
Shaping?
- Give reinforcers as the behaviour gradually reaches the desired behaviour.
- Operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour.
Positive Reinforcement?
Increasing (strengthen) behaviours by presenting positive reinforcers.
Negative Reinforcement?
Increasing (strengthen) behaviours by removing, stopping or reducing negative stimuli.
Primary Reinforcer?
- Something you naturally like (food)
- Satisfies a biological need
Secondary Reinforcer?
Something you work for (Money)
Operant Extinction?
Stop receiving positive consequences = stop behaviour
Aversive Punishment?
Use something painful (something they don’t like) to decrease behaviour.
