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Microbiology & Parasitology > Unit 3 Gram Positive Bacilli > Flashcards

Unit 3 Gram Positive Bacilli Flashcards

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1
Q

All cocci are gram-positive EXCEPT:

A
  • Neisseria
  • Veillonella
  • Moraxella
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2
Q

All bacilli are gram-negative EXCEPT:

A
  • Bacillus
  • Actinomycetes
  • Nocardia
  • Streptomyces
  • Corynebacterium, Clostridium
  • Erysipelothrix
  • Listeria, Lactobacillus
  • Propionibacterium
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3
Q

Endospores forming aerobic

A

Bacillus

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4
Q

Endospores forming anaerobic

A

Clostridium

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5
Q

Non-motile anaerobic endospore formers

A

Clostridium perfringens

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6
Q

Non-motile aerobic endospore former

A

Bacillus anthracis

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7
Q

Location of spores Clostridium

A

Centrally located

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8
Q

Location of spores Bacillus

A

Terminally located

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9
Q

Bacitracin source

A

Bacillus subtilis

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10
Q

Polymyxin source

A

Bacillus polymyxa

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11
Q

Non-endospore forming Regular (regular rods)

A

Listeria
Erysipelothrix

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12
Q

Non-endospore forming Irregular Aerobic

A

Corynebacterium
Nocardia
Streptomyces

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13
Q

Non-endospore forming Irregular Anaerobic

A

Propionibacterium
Lactobacillus

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14
Q

Types of Clostridium Neurotoxic group

A

C. tetani
C. botulinum

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15
Q

Types of bacillus

A

B. anthracis
B. cereus

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16
Q

Bacillus anthracis resevoir

A

cows and sheep
soil

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17
Q

Bacillus anthracis Mode of transmission

A

Injured skin – CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX
Mucous membrane – GASTROINTESTINAL ANTHRAX
Respiratory Tract – INHALATIONAL ANTHRAX

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18
Q

Types of Clostridium Gas gangrene/Histotoxic

A

C. perfringens

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19
Q

Types of Clostridium Difficile group

A

Clostridioides difficile

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20
Q

(elongated filamentous rods)

A

Actinomycetes

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21
Q

Actinomycetes types aerobic

A

Nocardia asteroids
Actinomadura madurae

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22
Q

Actinomycetes types anaerobic

A

Actinomycetes israelii

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23
Q

club-shaped rods

A

Corynebacterium

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24
Q

(elongated filamentous rods) Genus

A

Nocardia

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25
Q

fat rods

A

Propionibacterium

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26
Q

(shapes vary. Can also be aerobic)

A

Lactobacillus

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27
Q

Special resistant, dormant structure formed within a cell which protects a bacterium from adverse environmental
conditions.

A

ENDOSPORES

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28
Q

Endospores account for extreme resistance to

A

heat,
chemicals,
drying, and
radiation.

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29
Q

is the commonly used stain which applies malachite green to a heat-fixed smear.

A

Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain

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30
Q

a counterstain, is then applied to the smear to stain portions of the cell other than the endospore.

A

Safranin,

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31
Q

Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain

A

malachite green

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32
Q

Endospore color after staining

A

green within the red/pink stained cell.

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33
Q
  • Catalase-positive commonly occurring in chains
  • Soil is the primary habitat, spores are dispersed and distributed by means of dust, water onto plants and animals
A

Bacillus

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34
Q

Bacillus anthracis oxygen classification

A

Facultative anaerobe

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35
Q

are instrumental for adhering to a host’s cell and tissue.

It is also an anti-phagocytotic factor.

A

Capsule or Encapsulated

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36
Q

Bacillus anthracis clinical disease

A

Anthrax

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37
Q

anthrax Greek

A

carbuncle

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38
Q

ANTHRAX types

A

A) Cutaneous Anthrax - CUTANEOUS or injured skin
B) Gastrointestinal - GASTROINTESTINAL
C) Inhalational/Pulmonary - PULMONARY

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39
Q

CUTANEOUS anthrax manifestation

A

localized tissue necrosis
redness -> Black eschar

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40
Q

GASTROINTESTINAL anthrax manifestation

A

cardiovascular shock and capillary
thrombosis caused by TOXEMIA

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41
Q

Another name Inhalational/Pulmonary anthrax

A

Woolsorter’s disease

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42
Q

PULMONARY anthrax manifestations

A

hemorrhagic necrosis,
edema of the mediastinum,
substernal pain

then
mediastinal hemorrhage

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43
Q

anthrax treatment

A

ciprofloxacin
doxycycline
Penicillin G

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44
Q

Contaminant which multiplies readily in cooked food as rice, potatoes, and meat dishes.

A

Bacillus cereus

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45
Q

Virulence factor of Bacillus cereus

A

Enterotoxins

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46
Q

Types of enterotoxins

A

Heat-stable toxin
Heat-labile toxin

47
Q

Heat-stable enterotoxins

A

Found in fried food
Spore ingestion
Emetic form

48
Q

Heat-labile enterotoxins

A

Found in meat, vegetables, & saucy food
Bacilli ingestion
Diarrheal form

49
Q

Bacillus cereus clinical diseases

A

Food poisoning
Eye infections

50
Q

Emetic form duration

A

Manifests 1-5 hrs after eating up to 24 hours.

51
Q

Diarrheal form incubation period

A

24 hours

52
Q

Bacillus cereus treatment

A

Self-limiting
vancomycin
clindamycin

53
Q

Catalase-negative genera with over 200 species.

A

Clostridium

54
Q

Groups of Clostridium according to the mechanism of action and exotoxin produce

A

Neurotoxic group
Gas gangrene/Histotoxic Group
Difficile group

55
Q

Bacillus cereus Dx resistance

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporin

56
Q

Produces neurotoxins that affect neural sites distant from bacteria

A

Neurotoxic group

57
Q

Produces hemolysins at site of infections the lyse numerous cells

A

Gas gangrene/Histotoxic Group

58
Q

produces enterotoxins and disease in the intestinal tract

A

Difficile group

59
Q

Clostridium tetani Portals of entry

A

Enters thru the body usually via skin penetration thru objects contaminated

60
Q

– neurotoxin responsible for inhibiting inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA & Glycine

A

TETANOSPASMIN

61
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA & Glycine

62
Q

Clostridium tetani clinical disease

A

Tetanus

63
Q

Tetanus manifestation

A

Trismus (Lock Jaw)
Risus Sardonicus (sarcastive grin)
Ophisthotonos (Hypertension of the back)

64
Q

Death by tetanus is common due to

A

paralysis of respiratory muscles

65
Q

Tetanus treatment

A

Tetanus toxoid vaccine
human tetanus immune globulin
penicillin
tetracycline

66
Q

Test positive to catalase test Bacilli

A

Bacillus

67
Q

test negative to catalase Bacilli

A

Clostridium

68
Q

neurotoxin inhibiting acetylcholine release from presynaptic nerve terminals in the ANS and motormotor endplates.

A

BOTULIN/BOTULINUM TOXIN

69
Q

Clostridium botulinum clinical disease

A

Classical botulism / foodborne botulism
Infant botulism
Wound botulism

70
Q

Very potent in paralyzing nerve endings

A

Clostridium botulinum

71
Q

Commonly from infected canned goods

Symptoms manifest with cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure instability.
Neuromuscular symptoms start at head area which include double vision, swallowing difficulty, and dizziness

A

Classical botulism / foodborne botulism

72
Q

Organism is introduced on weaning or with dietarysupplements like honey.

A

Infant botulism

73
Q

This form is commonly seen in injecting drug users.

when spore enters punctured wound, symptoms manifest such as in classical botulism.

A

Wound botulism

74
Q

Clostridium perfringens virulence factors

A

ENTEROTOXINS
ALPHA TOXIN (LECITHINASE)
THETA TOXIN (HEMOLYSIN)

75
Q

inserts enterocyte membranes to form pores. Leads to alteration of intracellular calcium and membrane permeability and loss of cellular molecules (Clostridium perfringens)

A

ENTEROTOXINS

76
Q

– most potent necrotizing, hemolytic toxin which hydrolyzes lecithin. Leads to disruption of cell membranes (Clostridium perfringens)

A

ALPHA TOXIN (LECITHINASE)

77
Q

alters capillary permeability which is toxic to heart muscles (pore-forming)

A

THETA TOXIN

78
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

1) Food poisoning
2) Wound Infection
3) Clostridial myonecrosis

79
Q

Infection from GAS GANGRENE which ferments carbohydrates forming gas and black fluid exudates from the skin (usually seen in diabetic patients)

A

Clostridial myonecrosis

80
Q

Clostridial myonecrosis treatment

A

Debridement,
Amputation
cephalosporin (cefoxitin) and penicillin
Hyperbaric Oxygen

81
Q

A minor but normal flora of the intestine

A

Clotridioides difficile

82
Q

disrupts intercellular tight junctions followed by altered membrane permeability and fluid secretion

A

POLYPEPTIDE TOXINS

83
Q

Clostridioides difficile clinical disease

A

ANTIBIOTIC-ASSIOCIATED- COLITIS (PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS)

84
Q

Antibiotics that cause imbalance in flora

A

clindamycin,
cephalosporin,
amoxicillin,
ampicillin.

85
Q

ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED- COLITIS treatment

A

Discontinue of antibiotics
Vancomycin
Metronidazole

86
Q

Formerly categorized as a fungus (it appears as filamentous and branching under microscope)

A

Actinomycetes

86
Q

Formerly categorized as a fungus (it appears as filamentous and branching under microscope)

A

Actinomycetes

87
Q

Weakly gram (+) and weakly acid-fast bacteria

A

Nocardia asteroids

88
Q

Nocardia asteroids clinical disease and misdiagnosed as PTB (Pulmonary Tuberculosis).

A

NOCARDIOSIS

89
Q

NOCARDIOSIS treatment

A

SMZ-TMF (Sulfamethoxazole – Trimethoprim)

90
Q

bacteria responsible– chronic disease usually on the foot which is the Madura foot

A

Actinomadura madurae

91
Q

Actinomadura madurae clinical disease

A

Mycetoma

92
Q

Normal flora of the mouth and GIT

A

Actinomyces israelii

93
Q

Actinomyces israelii clinical disease

A

Actinomycosis (LUMPY JAW)

94
Q

ACTINOMYCOSIS manifestation

A

Lesions,
eroding,
granulomatous (sulfur granules) abscess usually located around the mandible

95
Q

Actinomycosis treatment

A

Penicillin

96
Q

Club-shaped (swollen) arranged in palisades of Chinese characters

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Loeffler’s bacillus)

97
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin

A

Diphtheria toxin (diphtherotoxin)
Fragment A: termination of protein synthesis
Fragment B: entry of the toxin into the cytoplasm

98
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae diagnosis

A

Dacron swab

99
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae clinical disease

A

CUTANEOUS/WOUND DIPHTHERIA
PHARYNGEAL (RESPIRATORY) DIPHTHERIA

100
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae diseases treatment

A

Diphtheria antitoxin
Penicillin and Erythromycin

101
Q

Causes diseases in swines, turkeys, duck, and sheeps.

People are infected by direct inoculation from animal or animal product

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

102
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae clinical disease

A

ERYSIPELOID (Whale finger/ seal finger)

103
Q

ERYSIPELOID forms

A

diffuse cutaneous form
bacteremia with endocarditis

104
Q

Erysipeloid treatment

A

Penicillin G

105
Q
  • Resistant to cold, heat, salt conditions, extreme pH, and bile
  • Often associated to soil and water
  • Food-borne pathogen
A

Listeria monocytogenes

106
Q

Listeria monocytogenes motility

A

Lophotrichous; tumbling

107
Q

Listeria monocytogenes clinical diseases

A

Adult human listeriosis
Perinatal Human listeriosis

108
Q

often mild with non-specific symptoms such as fever, diarrhea and sore throat. In immunocompromised individuals, it usually affects brain and meninges, resulting into septicemia. Bacterium enters the body thru the GIT after ingestion of contaminated food.

A

Adult human listeriosis

109
Q

Perinatal Human listeriosis transminssion

A

(1) prenatally when the microbe crosses the placenta; and (2) post-natal through birth canal

110
Q

Perinatal Human listeriosis Early onset syndrome

A

(granulomatosis infantiseptica)

111
Q

results from infection in the utero while fetus was developing in womb. Usually occurs as still birth

A

(granulomatosis infantiseptica)

112
Q

Listeria monocytogenes treatment

A

ampicillin + gentamicin ,
erythromycin,
intravenous TMP-SMX (Sulfamethoxazole- Trimethoprim

Microbiology & Parasitology (9 decks)

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