GRAM-NEGATIVE Flashcards
Gram-Negative Cocci
Neisseria
Moraxella
Veillonella
Neisseria gonorrhoeae shape
diplococcus, “imparting kidney bean.”
Neisseria gonorrhoeae virulence factors
pili (hairlike appendages)
OM proteins (Outer membrane proteins)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical disease
Gonorrhea
gonorrhea is a _____________ infection
sexually transmitted
Neisseria gonorrhoeae virulence factor (pili)
enhances attachment to the host cell
also adds to resistance to phagocytosis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae virulence factor (OM protein)
adhesion and attachment to host receptors.
Gonorrhea in males
Urethritis = painful urination
epididymitis
orchitis
yellow, cream-like pus discharge
Gonorrhea in females
1st - Endocervix, vagina, and urethra infection
2nd - Salpingitis = inflammation of fallopian tube
3rd - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease = fever and abdominal pain
Mucopurulent discharge = thick mucus-like
Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the bloodstream
Bacteremia
Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum
Gonococcal endocarditis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment
Erythromycin
Tetracycline
Crede’s method (Silver nitrate solution)
Crede’s method (Silver nitrate solution) MOA
denature proteins; inhibiting adhesion
Neisseria meningitidis POE
Inhalation of respiratory droplet
Nasopharynx
Neisseria meningitidis clinical diseases
Bacteremia Meningococcemia
Meningococcal meningitis
meningococci infect the bloodstream, it causes lesions called _________.
petechiae
refers to the appearance on the skin as small, round (non-raised) red to purple spots. It is typically caused by hemorrhage (escape of blood from ruptured blood vessel.
Petechiae
larger petechiae
ecchymoses
can be a severe disease caused by your meningococcus, leading to death.
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
Neisseria meningitidis treatment
Penicillin G
Third generation cephalosporins
- Ceftriaxone
- Cefotaxime
is included in the same bacterial family as Neisseria due to morphological and biochemical similarities.
Moraxella
is a significant opportunist pathogen that mainly affects
immunocompromised/immunosuppressed individuals.
Moraxella cattarhalis
Moraxella cattarhalis clinical syndromes
Meningitis
Endocarditis
Sinusitis
Otitis media
Bronchopulmonary infections
Neonatal conjuctivitis
Moraxella cattarhalis
Amoxicillin- clavulanate
Cephalosporins (2nd and 3rd)
TMP-SMX
This species rarely cause diseases
Veillonella spp
Veillonella spp clinical disease
meningitis
endocarditis
osteomyelitis
Veillonella spp
Vancomycin
Tetracycline
Aminoglycosides
Ciprofloxacin
Gram-Negative Bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae Coliform)
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Proteus
Gram-Negative Bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae Non-Coliform)
Shigella
Salmonella
Yersinia
Gram-Negative Bacilli (Non-fermentative)
Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Burkholderia
Gram-Negative Bacilli (Others related enteropathogenic)
Vibrio
Helicobacter
Gram-Negative Bacilli (Other miscellaneous)
Bordetella
Brucella
Francisella
Haemophilus
Legionella
Pasteurella
Opportunistic and most ferment lactose
Coliforms
Escherichia coli virulence factors
O antigen
K Antigen
H antigen
Antigen; somatic, liposaccharide, heat and alcohol resistant
O antigen
Antigen; fimbrial,polysaccharide or protein, interfere with agglutination
K antigen
Antigen; flagellar and movement
H antigen
Escherichia coli clinical diseases
UTI
Gastroenteritis
Meningitis
sepsis
UTI symptoms
Frequent urination
Dysuria
Hematuria
Pyuria
UTI can cause
cystitis
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the lower urinary tract (bladder).
Cystitis
refers to the inflammation of the upper urinary tract (kidneys).
Pyelonephritis
E. coli-associated diarrheal mdiseases or intestinal tract infections associated with diarrhea.
Gastroenteritis
Enterotoxins bind to the epithelial cells of the small intestines causing a disruption to the physiology of the cells.
Toxigenic diarrhea
bacteria invade the walls of the small and large intestines causing a disruption in the architecture of the tissues. This leads to injury.
Invasive diarrhea
Stool: larger fecal volume, little-to-no blood.
Toxigenic diarrhea
Stool: smaller in volume, evident blood in stool. Also includes ulceration.
Invasive diarrhea
Stool: smaller in volume, evident blood in stool. Also includes ulceration.
Invasive diarrhea
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Infantile diarrhea
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Traveler’s diarrhea
1st person to describe Klebsiella pneumonia
Lee Friedlander
Also called as “Friedlander’s bacillus,” colonizes the respiratory tract, causing chronic lung infections
Klebsiella pneumoniae
The _______ from this infection is characterized as thick a bloody, with a jelly texture and rusty appearance. Infection can progress to ___________.
sputum; abscess formation
often complicated urinary tract infections.
Proteus mirabilis
_______ urinary tract infections is often associated with Proteus mirabilis.
Catheter-associated
Escherichia coli treatment
Doxycycline,
TMP-SMX
Fluoroquinolones,
rifaximin,
rifamycin
Klebsiella pneumoniae capsule evades alveolar macrophages due to
alveoli-like capsule
Shigella is transmitted from person to person
food,
fingers,
feces,
flies.
four pathogenic species of Shigella:
S. dysenteriae
S. sonnei
S. flexneri
S. boydii
Shigella dysenteriae virulence factors
Endotoxins
Shiga toxin
Virulence factor that contributeto the bowel wall irritation during infection.
endotoxins
a heat-labile toxin that assists the entry of Shigella into the host.
Shiga toxin
Shiga toxin can function both as an
enterotoxin and a neurotoxin.
Shiga toxin, it affects the gut, and causes diarrhea.
enterotoxin
Shiga toxin, it affects the central nervous system. It can cause meningismus and coma.
neurotoxin,
Shigella dysenteriae clinical disease
Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery)
Ingestion of contaminated food/beverage is the common entry and invades the mucosa of the ileum and colon and often accompanied by ulceration.
Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery)
Shigellosis latter symptoms
tenesmus (rectal spasms).
Stool excretion with mucous and blood
refers to infections due to the Salmonella species.
Salmonellosis
Mainly caused typhoid fevers
Typhoidal species
Typhoidal species
S. typhi
S. paratyphi
Mainly causes infections other than typhoid such as enterocolitis and metastatic infections
Non-typhoidal species
Non-typhoidal species
S. enteritidis
S. cholerasius
Salmonella spp clinical disease
Enterocolitis
Typhoid fever (Enteric fevers)
Bacteremia
focal lesions
Prominent salmonella that causes enterocolitis
S. typhimirium
S. enteritidis
Tests for salmonella
Stool analysis for leukocytes or bacterial presence
Typhoid cases progress through a _______ course.
bimodal
Typhoid cases progress Early period:
stage of fever and constipation.
negative to stool analysis
Typhoid cases progress Second phase
Diarrheic/diarrheal phase
Feces excreted resemble “Pea soup” (slimy & greenish).
Salmonella incubation period
14 days
Salmonella spp treatment
Ampicillin
TMP-SMX
Third-generation cephalosporin
Yersinia spp
Y. pestis
Y. enterocolitica
Y. pseudotuberculosis
The spp that caused the black plague/black death
Yersinia pestis
Yersinia main agents that cause enteric infections in humans
Y. enterocolitica
Y. pseudotuberculosis
Black plague was spread due to
rat-infested ships.
Yersinia pestis vectors
Rodents with fleas
Fleas that proliferate Yersinia pestis
Xenopsylla cheopsis
Clinical manifestations of plague
Bubonic plague
Septicemic plague
Pneumonic plague
Gangrene in Yersinia pestis
Blackening of the digits
characterized by the presence of the bubo (buboes) enlarged tender nodes around areas of the neck, armpits, and groin
Bubonic plague
Bubonic plague often leads to this blackening of the skin, the death of the tissue, technically termed as gangrene.
Septicemic plague
results from direct inhalation of the organism (Y. pestis). leading to chest
pains, coughs, hemoptysis, and severe respiratory distress. leads to highly contagious sputum and respiratory droplets.
Pneumonic plague
Organisms under NONFERMENTATIVE GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Burkholderia
Strenotrophomonas
Achromobacter
Alkaligenes
are highly resistant to soaps, dyes, disinfectants, drugs, and extreme
environments. Typically found in wet areas.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor
Endotoxin lipopolysaccharides
Porin toxin
Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteins which contributed to the resistance characteristic of this bacteria and less permeable to antimicrobial drugs.
Porin proteins
Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical disease attained thru lumbar or
neurosurgical procedures
Meningitis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical disease catheter-associated or instrument-related irrigating solutions
UTI
Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical disease from contaminated
respiratory devices
Necrotizing pneumonia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa other clinical disease
Wound infections
Eye infections
Otitis
Ecthyma gangrenosum
are contaminants found in mostly in hospital environments specifically in wet areas including soaps and disinfectant solutions.
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii known virulence factor
Endotoxins
Acinetobacter baumannii clinical disease originated from contaminated inhalation therapy equipment. Also traced from room humidifiers and vaporizers.
Pneumonia
Acinetobacter baumannii clinical disease Also sepsis. From infected intravenous catheters. Highly present in patients with immune deficiencies
Bacteremia
Acinetobacter baumannii other clinical disease
Bacteriuria
Tissue and Wound infections
Formerly classified under Pseudomonas, some can be found in the hospital environment, but it is also ubiquitous in nature.
Burkholderia
Burkholderia spp
B. pseudomallei
B. mallei
B. cepacia complex
Burkholderia clinical disease
Melioidosis
Burkholderia typically occurs in three forms:
localized suppurative infections,
acute septicemic,
pulmonary.
Melioidosis enter through breaks in the skin which can lead to the acute septicemic form which can affect numerous organs.
Localized suppurative infections
most common form of meliodosis acquired by inhalation and transmitted through nasopharynx. It can also lead to bacteremia.
pulmonary infections
Melioidosis pulmonary infections causative agent
Burkholderia pseudomallei
causes glanders or farcy, mostly seen in horses, mules and donkeys.
Burkholderia mallei
has been isolated from hospital environments. People with cystic fibrosis (CF) are particularly vulnerable to this infection. leads to progressive deterioration and necrotizing pneumonia and bacteremia.
Burkholderia cepacia
genera under related enteropathogens:
Vibrio
Aeromonas
Campylobacter
Helicobacter
Causative agent of cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio toxin is a heat-labile enterotoxin that primarily causes water and electrolyte loss.
cholera toxin
Vibrio cholerae is also the main cause of
epidemic cholera or Asiatic cholera
Cholera; Stool is described as “ ___________.” Water loss can be ___________ lost in
1 hr.
rice water; 1 liter
Other pathogenic Vibrio
V. parahemoliticus
V. vulnificus
is present in gastric mucosa and increases in prevalence with age. It is common in low-level hygiene and sanitation.
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori virulence factor
proteases
ureases
Helicobacter pylori clinical disease
gastritis,
peptic ulcers
gastric ulcers
gastric adenocarcinoma
gastric mucosa-associated lymphomas.