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Microbiology & Parasitology > GRAM-NEGATIVE > Flashcards

GRAM-NEGATIVE Flashcards

1
Q

Gram-Negative Cocci

A

Neisseria
Moraxella
Veillonella

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2
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae shape

A

diplococcus, “imparting kidney bean.”

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3
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae virulence factors

A

pili (hairlike appendages)
OM proteins (Outer membrane proteins)

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4
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical disease

A

Gonorrhea

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5
Q

gonorrhea is a _____________ infection

A

sexually transmitted

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6
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae virulence factor (pili)

A

enhances attachment to the host cell
also adds to resistance to phagocytosis

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7
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae virulence factor (OM protein)

A

adhesion and attachment to host receptors.

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8
Q

Gonorrhea in males

A

Urethritis = painful urination
epididymitis
orchitis
yellow, cream-like pus discharge

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9
Q

Gonorrhea in females

A

1st - Endocervix, vagina, and urethra infection
2nd - Salpingitis = inflammation of fallopian tube
3rd - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease = fever and abdominal pain
Mucopurulent discharge = thick mucus-like

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10
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the bloodstream

A

Bacteremia
Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum
Gonococcal endocarditis

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11
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment

A

Erythromycin
Tetracycline
Crede’s method (Silver nitrate solution)

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12
Q

Crede’s method (Silver nitrate solution) MOA

A

denature proteins; inhibiting adhesion

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13
Q

Neisseria meningitidis POE

A

Inhalation of respiratory droplet
Nasopharynx

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14
Q

Neisseria meningitidis clinical diseases

A

Bacteremia Meningococcemia
Meningococcal meningitis

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15
Q

meningococci infect the bloodstream, it causes lesions called _________.

A

petechiae

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16
Q

refers to the appearance on the skin as small, round (non-raised) red to purple spots. It is typically caused by hemorrhage (escape of blood from ruptured blood vessel.

A

Petechiae

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17
Q

larger petechiae

A

ecchymoses

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18
Q

can be a severe disease caused by your meningococcus, leading to death.

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

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19
Q

Neisseria meningitidis treatment

A

Penicillin G
Third generation cephalosporins
- Ceftriaxone
- Cefotaxime

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20
Q

is included in the same bacterial family as Neisseria due to morphological and biochemical similarities.

A

Moraxella

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21
Q

is a significant opportunist pathogen that mainly affects
immunocompromised/immunosuppressed individuals.

A

Moraxella cattarhalis

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22
Q

Moraxella cattarhalis clinical syndromes

A

Meningitis
Endocarditis
Sinusitis
Otitis media
Bronchopulmonary infections
Neonatal conjuctivitis

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23
Q

Moraxella cattarhalis

A

Amoxicillin- clavulanate
Cephalosporins (2nd and 3rd)
TMP-SMX

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24
Q

This species rarely cause diseases

A

Veillonella spp

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25
Q

Veillonella spp clinical disease

A

meningitis
endocarditis
osteomyelitis

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26
Q

Veillonella spp

A

Vancomycin
Tetracycline
Aminoglycosides
Ciprofloxacin

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27
Q

Gram-Negative Bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae Coliform)

A

Escherichia
Klebsiella
Proteus

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28
Q

Gram-Negative Bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae Non-Coliform)

A

Shigella
Salmonella
Yersinia

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29
Q

Gram-Negative Bacilli (Non-fermentative)

A

Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Burkholderia

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30
Q

Gram-Negative Bacilli (Others related enteropathogenic)

A

Vibrio
Helicobacter

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31
Q

Gram-Negative Bacilli (Other miscellaneous)

A

Bordetella
Brucella
Francisella
Haemophilus
Legionella
Pasteurella

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32
Q

Opportunistic and most ferment lactose

A

Coliforms

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33
Q

Escherichia coli virulence factors

A

O antigen
K Antigen
H antigen

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34
Q

Antigen; somatic, liposaccharide, heat and alcohol resistant

A

O antigen

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35
Q

Antigen; fimbrial,polysaccharide or protein, interfere with agglutination

A

K antigen

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36
Q

Antigen; flagellar and movement

A

H antigen

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37
Q

Escherichia coli clinical diseases

A

UTI
Gastroenteritis
Meningitis
sepsis

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38
Q

UTI symptoms

A

Frequent urination
Dysuria
Hematuria
Pyuria

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39
Q

UTI can cause

A

cystitis
pyelonephritis

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40
Q

inflammation of the lower urinary tract (bladder).

A

Cystitis

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41
Q

refers to the inflammation of the upper urinary tract (kidneys).

A

Pyelonephritis

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42
Q

E. coli-associated diarrheal mdiseases or intestinal tract infections associated with diarrhea.

A

Gastroenteritis

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43
Q

Enterotoxins bind to the epithelial cells of the small intestines causing a disruption to the physiology of the cells.

A

Toxigenic diarrhea

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44
Q

bacteria invade the walls of the small and large intestines causing a disruption in the architecture of the tissues. This leads to injury.

A

Invasive diarrhea

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45
Q

Stool: larger fecal volume, little-to-no blood.

A

Toxigenic diarrhea

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46
Q

Stool: smaller in volume, evident blood in stool. Also includes ulceration.

A

Invasive diarrhea

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46
Q

Stool: smaller in volume, evident blood in stool. Also includes ulceration.

A

Invasive diarrhea

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47
Q

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

A

Infantile diarrhea

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48
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

A

Traveler’s diarrhea

49
Q

1st person to describe Klebsiella pneumonia

A

Lee Friedlander

50
Q

Also called as “Friedlander’s bacillus,” colonizes the respiratory tract, causing chronic lung infections

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

51
Q

The _______ from this infection is characterized as thick a bloody, with a jelly texture and rusty appearance. Infection can progress to ___________.

A

sputum; abscess formation

52
Q

often complicated urinary tract infections.

A

Proteus mirabilis

53
Q

_______ urinary tract infections is often associated with Proteus mirabilis.

A

Catheter-associated

54
Q

Escherichia coli treatment

A

Doxycycline,
TMP-SMX
Fluoroquinolones,
rifaximin,
rifamycin

55
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae capsule evades alveolar macrophages due to

A

alveoli-like capsule

56
Q

Shigella is transmitted from person to person

A

food,
fingers,
feces,
flies.

57
Q

four pathogenic species of Shigella:

A

S. dysenteriae
S. sonnei
S. flexneri
S. boydii

58
Q

Shigella dysenteriae virulence factors

A

Endotoxins
Shiga toxin

59
Q

Virulence factor that contributeto the bowel wall irritation during infection.

A

endotoxins

60
Q

a heat-labile toxin that assists the entry of Shigella into the host.

A

Shiga toxin

61
Q

Shiga toxin can function both as an

A

enterotoxin and a neurotoxin.

62
Q

Shiga toxin, it affects the gut, and causes diarrhea.

A

enterotoxin

63
Q

Shiga toxin, it affects the central nervous system. It can cause meningismus and coma.

A

neurotoxin,

64
Q

Shigella dysenteriae clinical disease

A

Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery)

65
Q

Ingestion of contaminated food/beverage is the common entry and invades the mucosa of the ileum and colon and often accompanied by ulceration.

A

Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery)

66
Q

Shigellosis latter symptoms

A

tenesmus (rectal spasms).
Stool excretion with mucous and blood

67
Q

refers to infections due to the Salmonella species.

A

Salmonellosis

68
Q

Mainly caused typhoid fevers

A

Typhoidal species

69
Q

Typhoidal species

A

S. typhi
S. paratyphi

70
Q

Mainly causes infections other than typhoid such as enterocolitis and metastatic infections

A

Non-typhoidal species

71
Q

Non-typhoidal species

A

S. enteritidis
S. cholerasius

72
Q

Salmonella spp clinical disease

A

Enterocolitis
Typhoid fever (Enteric fevers)
Bacteremia
focal lesions

73
Q

Prominent salmonella that causes enterocolitis

A

S. typhimirium
S. enteritidis

74
Q

Tests for salmonella

A

Stool analysis for leukocytes or bacterial presence

75
Q

Typhoid cases progress through a _______ course.

76
Q

Typhoid cases progress Early period:

A

stage of fever and constipation.
negative to stool analysis

77
Q

Typhoid cases progress Second phase

A

Diarrheic/diarrheal phase
Feces excreted resemble “Pea soup” (slimy & greenish).

78
Q

Salmonella incubation period

79
Q

Salmonella spp treatment

A

Ampicillin
TMP-SMX
Third-generation cephalosporin

80
Q

Yersinia spp

A

Y. pestis
Y. enterocolitica
Y. pseudotuberculosis

81
Q

The spp that caused the black plague/black death

A

Yersinia pestis

82
Q

Yersinia main agents that cause enteric infections in humans

A

Y. enterocolitica
Y. pseudotuberculosis

83
Q

Black plague was spread due to

A

rat-infested ships.

84
Q

Yersinia pestis vectors

A

Rodents with fleas

85
Q

Fleas that proliferate Yersinia pestis

A

Xenopsylla cheopsis

86
Q

Clinical manifestations of plague

A

Bubonic plague
Septicemic plague
Pneumonic plague

87
Q

Gangrene in Yersinia pestis

A

Blackening of the digits

88
Q

characterized by the presence of the bubo (buboes) enlarged tender nodes around areas of the neck, armpits, and groin

A

Bubonic plague

89
Q

Bubonic plague often leads to this blackening of the skin, the death of the tissue, technically termed as gangrene.

A

Septicemic plague

90
Q

results from direct inhalation of the organism (Y. pestis). leading to chest
pains, coughs, hemoptysis, and severe respiratory distress. leads to highly contagious sputum and respiratory droplets.

A

Pneumonic plague

91
Q

Organisms under NONFERMENTATIVE GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA

A

Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Burkholderia
Strenotrophomonas
Achromobacter
Alkaligenes

92
Q

are highly resistant to soaps, dyes, disinfectants, drugs, and extreme
environments. Typically found in wet areas.

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

93
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor

A

Endotoxin lipopolysaccharides
Porin toxin

94
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteins which contributed to the resistance characteristic of this bacteria and less permeable to antimicrobial drugs.

A

Porin proteins

95
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical disease attained thru lumbar or
neurosurgical procedures

A

Meningitis

96
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical disease catheter-associated or instrument-related irrigating solutions

97
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical disease from contaminated
respiratory devices

A

Necrotizing pneumonia

98
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa other clinical disease

A

Wound infections
Eye infections
Otitis
Ecthyma gangrenosum

99
Q

are contaminants found in mostly in hospital environments specifically in wet areas including soaps and disinfectant solutions.

A

Acinetobacter baumannii

100
Q

Acinetobacter baumannii known virulence factor

A

Endotoxins

101
Q

Acinetobacter baumannii clinical disease originated from contaminated inhalation therapy equipment. Also traced from room humidifiers and vaporizers.

102
Q

Acinetobacter baumannii clinical disease Also sepsis. From infected intravenous catheters. Highly present in patients with immune deficiencies

A

Bacteremia

103
Q

Acinetobacter baumannii other clinical disease

A

Bacteriuria
Tissue and Wound infections

104
Q

Formerly classified under Pseudomonas, some can be found in the hospital environment, but it is also ubiquitous in nature.

A

Burkholderia

105
Q

Burkholderia spp

A

B. pseudomallei
B. mallei
B. cepacia complex

106
Q

Burkholderia clinical disease

A

Melioidosis

107
Q

Burkholderia typically occurs in three forms:

A

localized suppurative infections,
acute septicemic,
pulmonary.

108
Q

Melioidosis enter through breaks in the skin which can lead to the acute septicemic form which can affect numerous organs.

A

Localized suppurative infections

109
Q

most common form of meliodosis acquired by inhalation and transmitted through nasopharynx. It can also lead to bacteremia.

A

pulmonary infections

110
Q

Melioidosis pulmonary infections causative agent

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei

111
Q

causes glanders or farcy, mostly seen in horses, mules and donkeys.

A

Burkholderia mallei

112
Q

has been isolated from hospital environments. People with cystic fibrosis (CF) are particularly vulnerable to this infection. leads to progressive deterioration and necrotizing pneumonia and bacteremia.

A

Burkholderia cepacia

113
Q

genera under related enteropathogens:

A

Vibrio
Aeromonas
Campylobacter
Helicobacter

114
Q

Causative agent of cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae

115
Q

Vibrio toxin is a heat-labile enterotoxin that primarily causes water and electrolyte loss.

A

cholera toxin

116
Q

Vibrio cholerae is also the main cause of

A

epidemic cholera or Asiatic cholera

117
Q

Cholera; Stool is described as “ ___________.” Water loss can be ___________ lost in
1 hr.

A

rice water; 1 liter

118
Q

Other pathogenic Vibrio

A

V. parahemoliticus
V. vulnificus

119
Q

is present in gastric mucosa and increases in prevalence with age. It is common in low-level hygiene and sanitation.

A

Helicobacter pylori

120
Q

Helicobacter pylori virulence factor

A

proteases
ureases

121
Q

Helicobacter pylori clinical disease

A

gastritis,
peptic ulcers
gastric ulcers
gastric adenocarcinoma
gastric mucosa-associated lymphomas.

Microbiology & Parasitology (9 decks)

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