Quiz 1 Flashcards
Study of minute living organisms
MICROBIOLOGY
Study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between
them.
PARASITOLOGY
observed thin slice of cork under a crude microscope
ROBERT HOOKE
all living things are composed of cells.
CELL THEORY
-
-
observed live microorganisms
through the magnifying lens he
constructed (single-lens
microscope).
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK called the live microorganisms
as
animalcules.
forms of life arising from non-living matter.
ABIOGENESIS THEORY/SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY
disproved the spontaneous generation theory (sealed jars)
FRANCESCO REDI
proponent of the spontaneous generation theory
JOHN NEEDHAM
necessary for a spontaneous generation had been destroyed
by the heat.
vital force
asserted that microorganisms from the air probably had
entered Needham’s solutions.
LAZARRO SPALLANZANI
Creator of concept of BIOGENESIS THEORY
RUDOLF VIRCHOW
living cells can arise only from
pre-existing living cells.
BIOGENESIS THEORY
Disproved ABIOGENESIS by his Swan Neck flask experiment
LOUIS PASTEUR
process by which sugars are converted
to alcohol by yeasts in the absence of air.
Fermentation
bacteria change the alcohol in the
beverage into
vinegar (acetic acid).
Concept of microorganisms causing disease.
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
Demonstrated that physicians, who do not
disinfect their hands routinely transmitted infections
(puerperal fever).
IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS
Treated surgical wounds with phenol (carbolic
acid), a disinfectant. The practice reduced the
incidence of infections and death.
JOSEPH LISTER
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Discovered Bacillus anthracis & Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
ROBERT KOCH
(Disease Causation Process)
KOCH’S POSTULATES
pathogens cannot be grown in artificial media
Treponema pallidum
Mycobacterium leprae
Rickettsial pathogens
Viruses
Father of immunization
EDWARD JENNER
the protection from disease provided by vaccination
or by recovery from the disease itself
IMMUNITY
The root word of the word “vaccine”
VACCA
destroy pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the infected animal/
human (host)
CHEMOTHERAPY
chemicals/ drugs produced naturally by bacteria
and fungi acting against another microorganism.
ANTIBIOTICS
treatment for Malaria
Quinine
discovered SALVARSAN
PAUL EHRLICH
salvation from syphilis
SALVARSAN
drugs derived from dyes;
Sulfonamides
Discovered PENICILLIN
ALEXANDER FLEMING
Bacteria, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
MONERA
Protozoans
PROTISTA
Yeasts, Molds
FUNGI
Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Mosses, Ferns
PLANTAE
Sponges, Worms, Insects, Vertebrates, Mollusks, Arthropods, etc.
ANIMALIA
are relatively simple, unicellular (single-celled), prokaryotic organisms.
BACTERIA
BACTERIA Reproduction:
Binary Fission
causative agents of bacterial pneumonia.
Haemophilus influenzae
consists of prokaryotic cells, but if they have cell walls,
lack peptidoglycan, often found in extreme environments
ARCHAEA
live in extremely salty environments
EXTREME HALOPHILES
produce methane as a waste product of
respiration.
METHANOGENS
live in hot, sulfurous water,
EXTREME THERMOPHILES
live in hot, sulfurous water,
EXTREME THERMOPHILES
unicellular or multicellular; eukaryotic organisms.
FUNGI
true fungi have cell walls composed primarily of
chitin
unicellular eukaryotic organisms, has a variety of shapes and live either as free entities or as parasites
PROTOZOA
photosynthetic eukaryotes.
ALGAE
very small, acellular, and considered to be
living only when they multiply within living hosts
VIRUS
Targets of immunodeficiency viruses
CD4+ T cells
MULTICELLULAR ANIMAL PARASITES
Helminths
Branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms
(like bacteria) in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, and toxins
from soil and/or water. It is used to clean oil spills or contaminated
groundwater.
BIOREMEDIATION
Viscous, gelatinous polymer external to the cell wall
GLYCOCALYX
Can be identified using negative staining technique.
CAPSULE
a collection of one or more types of microorganisms
that can grow on surfaces.
Biofilm/EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCE (EPS)
Long appendages that propel the bacteria (organ of locomotion).
FLAGELLA
(no flagella)
ATRICHOUS
(single pole flagellum)
MONOTRICHOUS
(two or more flagella at one pole)
LOPHOTRICHOUS
(flagella on both sides)
AMPHITRICHOUS
(flagella are distributed around the bacteria)
PERITRICHOUS
Outer pair is anchored to the cell wall and
the inner pair is anchored to the plasma
membrane of the bacteria.
GRAM-NEGATIVE FLAGELLA
Only the inner pair is present
GRAM-POSITIVE FLAGELLA
Only the inner pair is present
GRAM-POSITVE FLAGELLA
(unidirectional movement)
RUNS/ SWIM
(abrupt change in direction)
TUMBLES
(rapid wave-like movement in culture
media)
SWARM
Flagellar protein; useful in the identification of serovars among
species of gram-negative bacteria.
H-ANTIGEN
Functions as adherence. shorter, and formed by chromosome
FIMBRIAE
Functions as conjuction. longer, and formed by plasmid
PILI
Bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell
beneath the outer sheath and spiral around the cell.
Endoflagella/AXIAL FILAMENT
Borrelia burgdorferi
Leptospira interrogans
Treponema pallidum
spirochetes
Complex, semirigid structure
CELL WALL
Repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the entire cell.
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
appear purple under the microscope. because of the ability bacteria retains the crystal violet dye used in gram staining.
GRAM POSITIVE CELL WALL
appear purple under the microscope because of the ability retains the crystal violet dye used in gram staining due to thick wall
GRAM-POSITIVE CELL WALL
are teichoic acids bound to the plasma
membrane.
LIPOTEICHOIC
are teichoic acids bound to the plasma
membrane.
Lipoteichoic acids
the counterstain
Safranin
the counterstain
Safranin
Contains one or few layers of peptidoglycan but
outside this later is a bilayer membrane (outer
membrane) composed of phospholipids, channel
proteins (called porins), and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL
The outer membrane is a large complex molecule
that contains lipids and carbohydrates.
Lipopolysaccharide
lipid portion of LPS.
Lipid A
attached to lipid A; contains sugars.
Core polysaccharide
functions as an antigen and is useful for distinguishing species of gram-negative bacteria.
O-polysaccharide
Released when gram-negative cell wall disintegrates and may trigger fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock, and
blood clotting.
LIPID A
Without cell wall; Contains sterols instead of
peptidoglycan
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Smallest known bacteria
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Contains polysaccharides and proteins instead of
peptidoglycan.
ARCHAEA
ARCHAEA Contains
PSEUDOMUREIN
Thin layer surrounding the cell’s cytoplasm
CELL MEMBRANE
Regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
Part of the bacteria where its components are suspended.
CYTOPLASM
Contains single, long, continuous circularly arranged thread
of double-stranded DNA
NUCLEOID
Certain antibiotics act by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
Quinolones
Circular, double-stranded DNA.
PLASMIDS
Cell structure responsible for protein synthesis
RIBOSOMES
Inorganic phosphate reserve
METACHROMATIC GRANULES
METACHROMATIC GRANULES Collectively known as
VOLUTIN
Consist of glycogen and starch
POLYSACCHARIDE GRANULES
• Lipid storage
LIPID INCLUSIONS
oxidize sulfur and sulfur-containing
compounds to energy
Thiobacillus
For bacteria that only utilizes CO2 for their carbon source
CARBOXYSOMES
Aquatic prokaryotes; gas vesicles (maintains buoyancy)
GAS VACUOLES
Inclusions of Iron Oxide
MAGNETOSOMES
Example of MAGNETOSOMES
Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum
Highly durable, dehydrated cells with thick walls
and additional layers and Can survive extreme heat, lack of water,
ENDOSPORES
Process of endospore formation
SPORULATION
Process by which endospores go back to its
vegetative state.
GERMINATION
Bacteria that are round or oval with one plane of division
diplococci
Bacteria that are round or oval with one plane of division
DIPLOCOCCI
Bacteria that are round or oval with one plane of division in a chain
STREPTOCOCCI
Bacteria that are round or oval with two plane of division
TETRAD
Bacteria that are round or oval with three plane of division
SARCINAE
Bacteria that are round or oval in a cluster
STAPHYLOCOCCI
A bacteria that are stick-like with rounded,
squared, or swollen ends
COCCOBACILLI
Small, slightly curved rods; coma-shaped.
VIBRIO
Bacteria that have one or more twists.
SPIRAL
Helical and rigid
SPIRILLUM
Star-shaped bacteria
STELLA
Rectangular Bacteria
HALOARCULA
Lacks a distinct shape
PLEOMORPHIC
Star-shaped
stella
