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Microbiology & Parasitology > Preparation of Culture Media, Inoculation & Incubation Techniques > Flashcards

Preparation of Culture Media, Inoculation & Incubation Techniques Flashcards

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1
Q

Increase in cell number through binary fission

A

Microbial growth

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2
Q

cell simply splits into two cells, producing two identical cells

A

Binary fission

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3
Q

Difference of binary fission from mitosis

A

No mitotic spindle form

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4
Q

the average time between two consecutive generations in the lineages of a population

A

generation time

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5
Q

generation time E.coli

A

30 to 180 mins

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6
Q

generation time M. tuberculosis

A

12 hours

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7
Q

T. pallidum

A

33 hours in rabbit testes

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8
Q

M. leprae

A

10 days in armadillos

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9
Q

Cocci synthesize new cell walls

A

septal region

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10
Q

Synthesize new cell wall entire surface of the cell

A

Rod shape bacteria

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11
Q

Logarithmic representation of bacterial growth

A

2^n

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12
Q

cell form an initial outgrowth that enlarges until its size approaches that of a parent cell and then it separates

A

Budding

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13
Q

the initial outgrowth

A

a bud

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14
Q

microbes that grow and multiply in or on a culture medium

A

culture

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15
Q

A group of descendants of an original cell

A

colony

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16
Q

contains a single microbial species

A

pure culture

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17
Q

other name of pure culture

A

axenic culture

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18
Q

how the surface of the colony appears

A

texture

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19
Q

Texture types

A

smooth
glistening
mucoid
slimy
dry
powdery
flaky

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20
Q

Transparency

A

Transparent
Translucent
Opaque

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21
Q

You can see through them

A

Transparent

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22
Q

Light pass through them

A

Translucent

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23
Q

solid-appearing

A

opaque

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24
Q

Intracellular pigments

A

color/pigmentation

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25
Q

Many bacteria do not produce any pigment and appear __________

A

white or gray

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26
Q

Magnifying tool

A

Colony counter
Dissecting microscope

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27
Q

Colony size

A

Punctiform <1 mm
Small 1-2 mm
Medium 3-4 mm
Large >5 mm

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28
Q

Colony forms

A

Circular
Rhizoid
Irregular
Filamentous

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29
Q

Colony Margin

A

Entire
Undulate
Lobate
Filamentous
Curled

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30
Q

Colony elevation

A

Flat
Raised
Convex
Pulvinate
Umbonate

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31
Q

Rely on organic compounds as source of food to provide energy and carbon

A

Heterotrophs

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32
Q

Most lab bacterias we work with

A

Mesosphile

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33
Q

Mesophile/Mesophilic temperature

A

20 to 40 degrees celsius

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34
Q

Body Temperature

A

37

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35
Q

Room temperature

A

25

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36
Q

The lowest temperature at which an organism is able to conduct metabolism

A

Minimum growth temperature

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37
Q

Temperature at which an organism’s metabolic activities produce the highest growth rate

A

optimum growth temperature

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38
Q

The highest temperature at which an organism continues to metabolize

A

maximum growth temperature

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39
Q

when temperature exceed maximum growth temperature, the organism’s _________

A

protein are permanently denatured and dies

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40
Q

P S Y C H R O P H I L E S other name

A

cryophiles

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41
Q

sensitive to temperatures over 20 ̊C

optimum growth at
15 ̊C or below

A

P S Y C H R O P H I L E S

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42
Q

− optimum growth at 20 ̊C to 30 ̊C

A

P S Y C H R O T R O P H S

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43
Q

− optimum growth at 25 ̊C to 40 ̊C

A

M E S O P H I L E S

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44
Q

− optimum growth at 50 ̊C to 60 ̊C

A

T H E R M O P H I L E S

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45
Q

P S Y C H R O T R O P H S Other name

A

Cold-tolerant bacteria or archaea

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46
Q

grow at 80 ̊C or higher

A

Extreme Thermophiles

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47
Q

M E S O P H I L E S other name

A

moderate temperature-loving

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48
Q

T H E R M O P H I L E S other name

A

Heat-loving

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49
Q

T H E R M O P H I L E S example

A

Bacillus stearothermophilus

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50
Q

Extreme Thermophiles Example

A

Geogemma barosii

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51
Q

Geogemma barosii

A

85 to 121
2 hours in 130

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52
Q

Can destroy most microbes

A

> 60 degrees

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53
Q

slow microbial growth

A

50 to 60

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54
Q

rapid microbial growth; produce toxins

A

25 to 50

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55
Q

grow at very low pH (0.1 to 5.4)

A

A C I D O P H I L E S

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56
Q

Organs with low pH

A

Vagina and stomach

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57
Q

causative agent of peptic ulcer

A

Helicobacter pylori

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58
Q

A C I D O P H I L E S example

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus

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59
Q

− grow at pH 5.4 to 8.5

A

N E U T R O P H I L E S

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60
Q

Lactobacillus produce

A

lactic acid

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61
Q

− grow at high pH (7 to 12)

A

A L K A L I P H I L E S

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62
Q

Most bacteria, protozoa, and pathogens grow best at what pH

A

Neutral

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63
Q

A L K A L I P H I L E S example

A

− Vibrio cholerae
cholera

− Alkaligenes faecalis
− Agrobacterium spp.

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64
Q

Pressure difference needed to stop the flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmotic pressure

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65
Q

require very high salt conc. 20 to 30%

A

O B L I G A T E
H A L O P H I L E S

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66
Q

O B L I G A T E
H A L O P H I L E S
other name

A

extreme halophiles
strict halophiles

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67
Q

Can survive month in dry conditions due to the ability of its cell wall to retain water

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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68
Q

− do not require high salt conc. for growth
− tolerates 2-15% salt concentration

A

F A C U L T A T I V E
H A L O P H I L E S

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69
Q

Salt-water principle

A

Water follows salt
Sodium attracts water

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70
Q

No net movement of water

A

Cells in isotonic solution

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71
Q

Shrink because of the net movement of water out of the cell

A

Cell in hypertonic solution

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72
Q

Undergo gain of water

A

Cells in hypotonic solution

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73
Q

Solute concentration inside and outside are the same

A

Isotonic solution

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74
Q

Have higher solute concentration than inside the cell

A

Hypertonic solution

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75
Q

Has a lower solute concentration

A

Hypotonic solution

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76
Q

Hypo comes from

A

Latin word under or low

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77
Q

− organisms which derive energy from organic carbon sources
− may need to consume other living organisms to
live

A

C H E M O H E T E R O T R O P H S

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78
Q

Organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environment

A

Chemotrophs

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79
Q

Organism that cannot manufacture its own food by carbon fixation and therefore derives its intake from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter

A

Heterotroph

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80
Q

− organisms which use inorganic energy sources to synthesize organic compounds
− primary carbon source is carbon dioxide

A

C H E M O A U T O T R O P H S

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81
Q

organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, other chemicals

A

Autotroph

82
Q

makes up 14% of
dry cell weight

A

N I T R O G E N

83
Q

Nitrogen is to build __________

A

Proteins and nucleotides

84
Q

N I T R O G E N sources

A

proteins,
ammonium,
nitrogen gas,
nitrates

85
Q

Some bacteria can reduce nitrogen gas to

A

ammonia

86
Q

− used to form proteins and some vitamins

A

S U L F U R

87
Q

S U L F U R sources

A

proteins,
hydrogen sulfide,
sulfates

88
Q

Sulfur is used to synthesize sulfur-containing amino acids and vitamins like

A

Thiamine - Vitamin B1
Biotin - Vitamin H

89
Q

used to form DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipids

A

P H O S P H O R U S

90
Q

P H O S P H O R U S sources

A

Inorganic
phosphate salts,
Buffers (from culture medium)

91
Q

phospholipids are found in _______

A

cell membranes of bacteria

92
Q

Growth requirement for aerobic microorganisms

A

O X Y G E N

93
Q

O X Y G E N sources

A

Atmosphere,
Water

94
Q

Require oxygen to live

A

O B L I G A T E
A E R O B E S

95
Q

O B L I G A T E
A E R O B E S
example

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

96
Q

Can use oxygen, but can grow in its absence

A

F A C U L T A T I V E
A N A E R O B E S

97
Q

F A C U L T A T I V E
A N A E R O B E S
example

A

Escherichia coli

98
Q

F A C U L T A T I V E
A N A E R O B E S
has ________ enzymes that allow toxic forms of oxygen to be neutralized

A

catalase
SOD (superooxide dismutase)

99
Q

− Can’t use oxygen and are harmed by the
presence of toxic forms of oxygen

A

O B L I G A T E
A N A E R O B E S

100
Q

O B L I G A T E
A N A E R O B E S
example

A

Clostridium tetani

101
Q

Can’t use oxygen, but can grow in its absence

Tolerates presence of oxygen

A

A E R O T O L E R A N T
A N A E R O B E S

102
Q

A E R O T O L E R A N T
A N A E R O B E S
example

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

103
Q

− Require oxygen at low concentrations

A

M I C R O -
A E R O P H I L E S

104
Q

A E R O T O L E R A N T
A N A E R O B E S
also have _________

A

SOD

105
Q

M I C R O -
A E R O P H I L E S
example

A

Helicobacter pylori
Campylobacter jejuni

106
Q

Toxic forms of oxygen

A

Hydrogen peroxide
Superoxide radicals

107
Q

converts superoxide to oxygen & hydrogen peroxide

A

Superoxide dismutase:

108
Q

converts hydrogen peroxide to water & oxygen

A

Catalase:

109
Q

breaks down hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxidase:

110
Q

− CO2-loving
− require increased concentration of CO2 and lower levels of O2

A

C A P N O P H I L E S

111
Q

C A P N O P H I L E S
Example

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Haemophilus influenzae

112
Q

Growing capnophiles

A

Candle jar
CO2 generating packet

113
Q

Trace elements

A

− K
− Mg
− Ca
− Fe
− Cu
− Mo
− Zn

114
Q

Used for cell wall synthesis of gram positive bacteria

A

Calcium

115
Q

BACTERIAL GROWTH CURVE

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Log phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Death or decline phase
116
Q

No increase in number of living bacterial cells
(Phase of intense metabolic activity)

A
  1. Lag phase
    (1 hour to several days)
117
Q

Exponential increase in number of living bacterial cells
(Period of most rapid growth)

A
  1. Log phase
118
Q

plateau in number of living bacterial cells; rate of cell division and death roughly equal

A
  1. Stationary phase
119
Q

exponential decrease in number of living bacterial cells

A
  1. Death or decline phase
120
Q

CULTURE MEDIA Characteristics:

A

i. Contains appropriate nutrients
ii. Sterile
iii. Incubated at appropriate temperature

121
Q

act of introducing microorganism or suspension of microorganisms into a culture medium

A

Inoculation

122
Q

substance containing nutrients in which cells or microorganisms can be grown; may be solid, liquid or gel

A

CULTURE MEDIA

123
Q

microbial cells added to a medium in order to start a culture

A

Inoculum:

124
Q

nutrient material that contains a solidifying agent

A

SOLID MEDIA

125
Q

− Allows for isolation and examination of colonies
− Difficult to transport and store

A

Agar Plate

126
Q

Free from any microorganism

A

Sterile

127
Q

− Inoculating needle is used to “stab” the solid medium
− For microorganisms that prefer reduced O2

A

Agar Deep

128
Q

− Tube of solid medium at an angle for higher surface area
− For easy storage and transportation
− Use for long term maintenance of isolates

A

Agar Slant

129
Q

CULTURE MEDIA common ingredient

A

Peptone
Beef extract
Yeast extract
Distilled water
agar

130
Q

− Melts at above 95 ̊C; once melted, does not solidify until it reaches 40 ̊C
− Cannot be degraded by most bacteria

A

A G A R

131
Q

The manner in which the inoculum is spread out into the cultured medium

A

Streaking

132
Q

A G A R is the ____________ obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae

A

Unbranched polysaccharide

133
Q

some species of red algae

A

i. Gracilaria compressa
ii. Gelidium cartilagineum
iii. Gelidium amansii

134
Q

nutrient material that lacks a solidifying agent

A

LIQUID MEDIA

135
Q

− Liquid medium in a tube, bottle,
or flask
− Applicable if high concentration
of bacteria is desired

A

Broth

136
Q

Who first used agar

A

Robert Koch

137
Q

nutrient material that contains <1% solidifying agent

A

SEMISOLID MEDIA:

138
Q

Typical agar concentration

A

1.5 to 2 %

139
Q

the concentration of solid media

A

3%

140
Q

Agar solidifies at what temperature

A

37

141
Q

Another solidifying agent

A

Gellan gum

142
Q

Solid media function

A
  1. Used to grow microorganism in their full physical form
  2. Used to prepare bacterial pure culture
  3. Use to isolate bacteria to study colony characteristic
143
Q

Inoculating techniques

A

Stabbing
Stab and streak
Streaking

144
Q

Irish moss (Red Algae)

A

Chondrus crispus

145
Q

may be done in media with dilute agar concentration

A

motility test

146
Q

useful in demonstrating motility of bacteria

A

SEMISOLID MEDIA:

147
Q

For general purposes of
preservation, isolation, storage of
cultures and antibiotic sensitivity
tests

A

ALL - P U R P O S E
M E D I A

148
Q

ALL - P U R P O S E
M E D I A
examples

A

− Peptone water
− Nutrient broth
− Nutrient agar
− Bismuth Sulfite Agar

149
Q

Allows growth of desired
microorganism while suppressing
the growth of unwanted
microorganisms

A

S E L E C T I V E
M E D I A

150
Q

S E L E C T I V E
M E D I A
example

A

− Saboraud’s dextrose agar
− Brilliant green agar
− Thayer-Martin agar
− Lowenstein Jensen Media

151
Q

pH 5.6 discourages bacterial growth
for fungi

A

Saboraud’s dextrose agar

152
Q

inhibits G+ bacteria and allows for the growth of G- salmonella

A

Brilliant green agar

153
Q

for the growth of Neisseria gonorrheae

A

Thayer-Martin agar

154
Q

Used to isolate Salmonella typhi

A

Bismuth Sulfite Agar

155
Q

Used to isolate Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Lowenstein Jensen Media

156
Q

Used for differentiating between
bacteria by using an identification
marker for a specific type of
microorganism

A

D I F F E R E N T I A L
M E D I A

157
Q

D I F F E R E N T I A L
M E D I A
examples

A

− Mannitol salt agar
− MacConkey agar
− Blood agar

158
Q

Mannitol salt agar

A

Staphyloccocus aureus -> halophile

159
Q

MacConkey agar

A

Salmonella typhi

160
Q

Uses hemolytic reaction
Used to distinguish bacteria that destroy red blood cells

A

Blood agar

161
Q

Blood agar usually contains

A

sheep or horse blood

162
Q

contains 7.5 % sodium chloride
Both selective and differential
has a pH indicator

A

Mannitol salt agar

163
Q

Mannitol fermentation

A

pink to yellow positive

164
Q

consider as complex, selective, and differential media
contains bile salt, and crystal violet that inhibits growth of g+ bacteria
use lactose

A

MacConkey Agar

165
Q

The growth in _______ indicates _______ , while _______ does not

A

pink; lactose utilization; yellow

166
Q

Lactose fermenters examples

A

Enterobacter spp
Citrobacter spp
Klebsiella spp

167
Q

Lactose fermenters will produce

A

acid

168
Q

test the ability of an organism to produce hemolysin, enzyme that damage/lyse red blood cells

A

Blood agar media

169
Q

Blood agar media members

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

170
Q

Partial hemolysis

A

Alpha hemolysis

171
Q

Complete hemolysis

A

Beta hemolysis

172
Q

No hemolysis

A

Gamma hemolysis

173
Q

the destruction of red blood cells

A

hemolysis

174
Q

Alpha hemolysis examples

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus mutans

175
Q

Beta hemolysis examples

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Listeria ivanovii

176
Q

Gamma hemolysis examples

A

Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterococcus faecalis

177
Q

Favors growth of a particular
microorganism over others by
providing essential nutrients

A

E N R I C H M E N T
M E D I A

178
Q

E N R I C H M E N T
M E D I A
examples

A

− Chocolate agar
− Loeffler’s medium
− Brain heart infusion agar

179
Q

complex or particular nutrient requirement

A

fastidious organism

180
Q

Chocolate agar example

A

Haemophilus influezae

181
Q

Loeffler’s medium example

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Corynebacteria)

182
Q

Brain heart infusion agar examples

A

Streptococci
Pneumococci
Meningococci

183
Q

Made up of lysed RBCs

A

Chocolate agar

184
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Pneumonia and sepsis

185
Q

Prepared from pure chemical
substances of known composition
and concentration

A

C H E M I C A L L Y
D E F I N E D
M E D I A

186
Q

C H E M I C A L L Y
D E F I N E D
M E D I A
example

A

− Peptone water
− Modified Korthof’s medium
− Firm agar

187
Q

Exact components are difficult to
estimate because of complex
ingredients

A

C O M P L E X
M E D I A

188
Q

C O M P L E X
M E D I A
example

A

− Nutrient agar
− Trypticase soy agar
− Eosin methylene blue agar

189
Q

use to culture most chemoheterotrophic microorganism

A

C O M P L E X
M E D I A

190
Q

Eosin methylene blue agar is used for

A

Isolation of the fecal coliforms (E.coli)

191
Q

Eosin methylene blue agar contains lactose and dyes _______ and _______

A

Eosin and methylene blue

192
Q

Microorganism that cannot grow in culture media

A

Obligate parasites

193
Q

SPECIAL CULTURE TECHNIQUES armadillos

A

Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)

194
Q

SPECIAL CULTURE TECHNIQUES rabbit testicles

A

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

195
Q

SPECIAL CULTURE TECHNIQUES host cells only

A

Obligate parasites
STD causing
chlamydia

196
Q

SPECIAL CULTURE TECHNIQUES hen’s egg

A

Influenza virus

197
Q

SPECIAL CULTURE TECHNIQUES Cell culture

A

Mycoplasma spp

198
Q

A method of isolating a culture by spreading microorganisms over the surface of
a solid culture medium.

A

S T R E A K
P L A T E
M E T H O D

199
Q

A method of inoculating a solid nutrient medium by mixing bacteria in the melted
medium and pouring the medium into a Petri dish to solidify.

A

P O U R
P L A T E
M E T H O D

200
Q

A plate count method in which inoculum is spread over the surface of a solid
culture medium.

A

S P R E A D
P L A T E
M E T H O D

Microbiology & Parasitology (9 decks)

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