Unit 3: Expansion and Disunion Flashcards
The attitude that the members of a nation have when they care about their nation identity; extreme pride in one’s country and nation
Nationalism
Finding identity in one’s region (section); extreme pride in one’s region and regional identity; creating national disunity
Sectionalism
Where did the Industrial Revolution began?
In Great Britain
What was the main source of income before the Civil War in the United States?
Intercontinental trade of cash crops, not manufacturing.
What Act and War changed the United States main source of income?
Thomas Jefferson’s Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812.
What was never profitable in New England?
Agriculture
What provided waterpower to textile mills in New England?
An abundance of streams and rivers
What type of people are going to work at the mills in New England?
Thousands of people, mostly young women, are going to come to work at these mills.
WHO began to open a series of mills?
Francis C. Lowell
What impact did it create when Francis C. Lowell open a series of mills?
A mass production of cotton
How did immigrants react to the industrialization in the North and why?
Immigrants were attached to the job opportunities there
Why were there Irish immigrants arriving to the North to work in factories?
The Irish were fleeing from a potato famine
Why were there German immigrants arriving to the North to work in factories?
German migrated as a result of political instability
Hostility towards immigrants
Nativism
What did the South relied heavily on?
Agriculture and the growing of cash crops
What was in high demand with the North turning to textile mills?
Cotton was in high demand
Who invented the Cotton Gin?
Eli Whitney
Cotton production boomed so plantation owners began to purchase more what?
Slaves
Term used by Southerners before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South’s cotton.
“Cotton is King!”
What was the most profitable cash crop in America during the antebellum period?
Cotton
How did the cotton gin affect the production of textile mills AND the effects on slaves?
Cotton gin increased production rate and plantation owners purchased more slaves
The belief that national interests and unity outweigh regional or state interests
Nationalism
WHO’s goal was to unite the different regions of the country and create a stable economy that would make the nation self-sufficient.
Henry Clay
What are the Three Parts of the American Plan?
- Develop Transportation Systems (Erie Canal)
- Establish a Protective Tariff
- Create a National Bank
What two court cases supported Nationalism?
- Gibbons v. Ogden
- McCulloch v. Maryland
Confirmed Congress has authority over interstate commerce
Gibbons v. Ogden
Confirmed that the national government has supremacy over state governments
McCulloch v. Maryland
What was established in the Conventions of 1818 and between what two countries?
Established the 49th parallel as the border between the U.S. and Canada.
Florida is ceded to U.S. from Spain
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819
Jefferson appoints who to explore the new territory & possibly find a water route to the Pacific Ocean?
Lewis and Clark
Who served as an interpreter & guide for part of Lewis and Clark’s journey?
Sacagawea
President Monroe warned the European nations that any attempt to reestablish those colonial claims would be seen as a threat to our peace and safety
The Monroe Doctrine
During Monroe’s Presidency, Napoleon was overthrown… many European monarchs looked to re-establish what?
European monarchs looked to re-establish control over their Latin-American colonies which scared the United States.
What were problems of the Monroe Doctrine?
- Most Europeans ignored the doctrine
- American military power was very limited in the early 19th century
Why was the Monroe Doctrine successful?
Britain supported the Monroe Doctrine and would back America militarily in enforcing the Monroe Doctrine
Why did Britain help America with the Monroe Doctrine?
- Great Britain wanted to protect its lucrative trade… therefore, Great Britain provided major naval support to help enforce the Monroe Doctrine
What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820?
Missouri applied as a slave state which would effect the balance of free and slave states.
The equal number of slave states and “free” states meant….
an equal number of votes in the Senate (2 votes for each state).
What was the great compromise for the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and who was it designed by?
- Maine would become a state and be a Free -state.
- Missouri would become a state and allow slavery.
- It was designed by Henry Clay.
What is the 36 degree north parallel?
It would serve as a dividing line between slave and free states. All future states created North of that line would be free, South of that line would be slave.
The belief that the wealthy elite should not dominate politics
Jacksonian Democracy
What did the 1828 election allow?
Most states allowed white males who did not own land to vote
What did Jackson characterized himself as?
the “common man”
Who was the first president to use the Spoils System?
Andrew Jackson
The practice of giving government jobs to loyal supporters, even if they had no qualifications for the position.
Spoils System
Who supported the Second National Bank?
The North, South, and West all supported the strengthening of the National Bank.
Who did not support the National Bank?
President Jackson did not support this action.
In 1830, Congress passed what Act?
the Indian Removal Act to provide funds, negotiate treaties, and move Indians west.
What court case related to the Indian Removal Act?
Worcester v. Georgia
Was there resistance due to the Indian Removal Act? If so, give an example
Yes, some tribes, such as the Seminoles (Florida), fought militarily and lost.
What did the Supreme Court (Chief Justice John Marshall) rule for the Worcester v Georgia case?
That Native Americans were sovereign in their own territory and that states such as Georgia had no jurisdiction there.
What were President Jackson opinions and what did he say on the Supreme Court rule for the Worcester v. Georgia case?
He refused to abide by the Court’s decision and famously said, “John Marshall had made his decision, now let him enforce it.”
The 800 mile trip was made mostly on foot during the winter and resulted in the deaths of a quarter of their tribe.
Trail of Tears
What were regional issues in the North?
- Wanted high tariffs to protect domestic industry.
- Were against the expansion of slavery
What were regional issues in the South?
- Were against a high tariff
- Wanted slavery to expand into the new western territories and states.
What were regional issues in the West?
- Wanted land prices to stay cheap
- Wanted internal improvements
What are the events due to?
- In 1828, Congress passed a tariff to keep out British imports and help Northern industries.
- South Carolina used the states’ rights argument (based on the 10th Amendment) to declare the tariff “null and void”
- Some in SC even considered seceding (withdrawing) from the Union (United States).
Nullification Crisis
A state’s rights come before the nation’s rights.
The States’ Rights Theory
What occurred before the Civil War?
The antebellum period
A time when religion came back to the forefront, and people were encouraged to become socially active and impact society through good works.
The antebellum period
What reform movement is this?
- prohibit the drinking of alcohol,
- Many women got their start in activism
Temperance Movement
Who believed in having public compulsory education?
Horace Mann
Who believed many prisoners suffered from mental illness and sought to get mental hospitals established to help such prisoners?
Dorothea Dix
What was the goal of the Abolitionist Movement?
To have slavery abolished in America.
The abolitionist movement first developed among WHO?
Quakers (believed everyone had inner light)
- Was a religious revival movement in the early 1800s.
- It was national in scope and contributed to the development of reform movements that further divided the nation.
The Great Awakening
Abolitionists included African Americans named?
- Nat Turner
- Frederick Douglass
- Harriet Tubman
Some abolitionists were white named?
- William Lloyd Garrison
- Grimke Sisters
- Harriet Beecher Stowe
- John Brown
Who wrote a newspaper called The Liberator?
William Lloyd Garrison
Who wrote Uncles Tom’s Cabin?
Harriet Beecher Stowe
What is a major action during the abolitionist movement?
Led rebellions
Who led a rebellion….
- in 1831 with 80 followers
- 60 whites were killed before the rebellion ended.
- In retaliation, almost 200 blacks, most with no connection to the rebellion, were killed.
Nat Turner
Why Southerners argued that slavery good?
They argued that it was a “positive good” because slaves were better off than industrial workers in the North.
The culture and customs of the day required married women to limit their duties to housework and child care
Cult of Domesticity
What were women’s rights in the mid-1800s?
Women had few legal rights: couldn’t vote, sit on juries, or even have guardianship of their own children
Sarah and Angelina Grimke
Women Abolitionists
- Middle-class white women were inspired by religion (Second Great Awakening) and joined reform movements.
In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott held a women’s rights conference called the….?
Seneca Falls Convention.
“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men AND women are created equal.”
Declaration of Sentiments
The belief that Americans had God-Given right to all the land in North America
Manifest Destiny
What was claimed by the United States and Great Britain that was a joint occupation rights until a treaty was negotiated in the 1840s?
Oregon Country
How did Westward movement impact enslaved African Americans?
Slave owners took only part of their human property with them on the trek west and left the rest of a slave family behind.
WHO formed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) in NY?
Joseph Smith
Why was Joseph Smith followers getting attacked as they settle in Illinois?
Their belief in polygamy (multiple wives).
WHO was Smith’s successor, led the Mormons west to escape religious persecution?
Brigham Young
