Unit 3 Exam Study Guide Hepburn- World History- Fall 2024

Question 1

Renaissance

Answer 1

Cultural revival emphasizing classical studies and human potential.

Question 2

Northern Renaissance

Answer 2

Renaissance movement in Northern Europe, distinct from Italy.

Question 3

Medici Family

Answer 3

Influential banking family that dominated Florence.

Question 4

Humanism

Answer 4

Intellectual movement focusing on human potential and achievements.

Question 5

Printing Press

Answer 5

nvented by Johannes Gutenberg, revolutionized information dissemination.

Question 6

95 Theses

Answer 6

Martin Luther’s arguments against Catholic Church practices.

Question 7

Absolutism

Answer 7

Political doctrine advocating for absolute monarchy and divine right.

Question 8

Spanish Armada

Answer 8

a fleet of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588

Question 9

Louis XIV

Answer 9

French king known as ‘The Sun King’; centralized power.

Question 10

Versailles

Answer 10

The palace built by Louis XIV to control nobles

Question 11

Thirty Years’ War

Answer 11

conflict between Catholic and Protestant

Question 12

Boyars

Answer 12

Russian nobility, influential in the governance of Russia.

Question 13

Peter the Great

Answer 13

Russian czar who modernized Russia and founded St. Petersburg.

Question 14

English Civil War

Answer 14

Conflict between Royalists and Parliamentarians over governance.

Question 15

Oliver Cromwell

Answer 15

1. Led Parliamentari
2. ansabolished monarchy
3. established commonwealth.

Question 16

Glorious Revolution

Answer 16

Overthrow of James II, establishing constitutional monarchy.

Question 17

Geocentrism

Answer 17

Earth-centered universe theory, later challenged by heliocentrism.

Question 18

Johannes Kepler

Answer 18

Mathematician who proved heliocentrism and formulated planetary laws.

Question 19

Isaac Newton

Answer 19

Formulated laws of gravity and motion in physics.

Question 20

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 20

1. Philosopher
2. advocating for social contract
3. strong government.

Question 21

John Locke

Answer 21

promoted natural rights and limited government, influencing revolutions.

Question 22

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 22

Advocated for women’s rights and education in her writings

Question 23

Renaissance & Northern Renaissance
Key cities

Answer 23

Venice and Florence.

Question 24

Major artists

Answer 24

Raphael, Donatello, Leonardo, Michelangelo

Question 25

Key figures

Answer 25

Henry VIII, Mary I, Elizabeth I influenced English Reformation.

Question 26

Spain

Answer 26

1. Philip II of Spanish Habsburgs; economy reliant on gold.
2. Spanish Armada defeated by English Sea Dogs.
3. Charles II, last of the Spanish Habsburgs, known as “Charles the Bewitched.”

Question 27

France

Answer 27

1. Louis XIV (“The Sun King”)
2. Bourbon Dynasty; famous quote: “L’état, c’est moi.”
3. Built Versailles to consolidate power and control nobles.
4. Key advisors focused on mercantilism and military strength.

Question 28

Cromwell and the Abolition of the Monarchy

Answer 28

Cromwell imprisoned and executed Charles I, abolishing the monarchy and establishing a commonwealth, which ended when the monarchy was restored after Cromwell’s death.

Question 29

Geocentrism:

Answer 29

Earth-centered universe theory challenged by heliocentrism.

Question 30

Heliocentrism:

Answer 30

Copernicus proposed that the sun is the center of the solar system.

Question 31

Tycho Brahe:

Answer 31

1. Produced accurate astronomical data
2. known for his dueling accident and pet moose.

Question 32

Galileo Galilei:

Answer 32

1. Supported heliocentrism
2. faced conflict with the Church
3. improved telescopic observations.

Question 33

Rene Descartes:

Answer 33

Proposed rules of logic for inquiry.

Question 34

Francis Bacon:

Answer 34

1. Advocated for the scientific method
2. emphasizing experiments and observations

Question 35

Philosophers

Answer 35

questioned traditional beliefs and sought reforms in rights, governance, and social justice.

Question 36

jean-Jacques Rousseau:

Answer 36

Advocated for popular sovereignty and the social contract to promote community interests.

Question 37

Montesquieu:

Answer 37

1. Criticized absolute monarchy
2. promoted democracy through the separation of powers.

Question 38

Voltaire

Answer 38

1. freedom of speech and religion
2. emphasizing reason and critical thinking.

Question 39

Adam Smith:

Answer 39

father of capitalism