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sdfxgc > unit 1 world history > Flashcards

unit 1 world history Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Paleolithic?

A

Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age): Societies were hunter-gatherers, Nomadic lifestyle, Use of simple stone tools

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2
Q

What is the Neolithic Eras?

A

Neolithic Era (New Stone Age): The start of agriculture, Development of settled communities, and More advanced stone tools, Marks the beginning of the “Neolithic Revolution”

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3
Q

What happens during the Neolithic? What is this event called?

A

The Neolithic Revolution
1. Domestication of plants and animals
2. Development of agriculture
3. Shift from nomadic to settled lifestyle Profound effects on human societies

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4
Q

What is discovered during the Neolithic? What were the benefits?

A
  1. Agriculture 2. Animal domestication Benefits: Food production through farming Ability to support larger populations, Development of settled communities, Establishment of first villages and towns, More time for specialization in crafts and trade
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5
Q

What is the difference between polytheistic and monotheistic religions?

A

Polytheistic Religions:
Worship multiple deities
Each god/goddess associated with specific aspects of life or nature
Examples: Ancient Greek, Roman, and Egyptian religions
Monotheistic Religions:
Worship a single deity
Believe in the existence of only one God
Examples: Judaism, Christianity, Islam

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6
Q

What are the 3 Abrahamic religions?

A
  1. Judaism
  2. Christianity
  3. Islam
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7
Q

What were the two main cities of the Indus River Valley Civilization?

A
  1. Harappa:
    Discovered in the 1920s
    Well-planned city with grid-like streets
    Advanced drainage and water systems
  2. Mohenjo-daro:
    Largest known Indus Valley city
    Sophisticated architecture, including the Great Bath
    Evidence of social organization and trade
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8
Q

Can we read Mesopotamian cuneiform?

A

Mesopotamian Cuneiform:
Can be read and understood
Deciphered in the 19th century
Provides insight into Mesopotamian culture and history

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9
Q

What about the Indus Valley writing system?

A

Indus Valley Writing System:
Not yet deciphered
Challenges in interpretation due to short inscriptions
Ongoing debate about its nature (language or symbol system)

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10
Q

How do we know most information about the Persians? What might be important about that detail?

A

an outsider writing about them named Herodotus

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11
Q

What are some accomplishments of Darius I?

A

extended persons controll to the east- the Indus valley and west-Egypt

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12
Q

Who fought in the Persian wars? What was the significance of that War?

A

the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire
and important for the rise of democracy

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13
Q

Who were some of the most important Persian Kings?

A

Cyrus I, Darius I, and Xerxes I were its most important emperors

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14
Q

What was the capital city of the Persian Empire?

A

Persepolis

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15
Q

What religion did the Persian Empire primarily follow? Was it monotheistic or polytheistic?

A

they were Zoroastrianism

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16
Q

Explain the caste system and how it influenced Indian society for centuries.

A

dividing people into distinct social groups with predetermined roles and restrictions, where one’s caste determined their occupation, social standing, and access to opportunities, essentially shaping their lives from birth and influencing social interactions for centuries

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16
Q

Who was Ashoka and what role did he have in developing Buddhism outside of India?

A

promotion of Buddhism

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17
Q

According to the video, the “doer of good becomes good, the doer of evil becomes evil”. What Hindu concept does that describe best and how?

A

Karma

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18
Q

List two of the scientific and mathematical advancements made in India under the Guptas.

A

the invention of the concept of zero and the development of the decimal system

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19
Q

What period of Chinese history did the Qin Dynasty rise from?

A

2000 BCE - 600 CE

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20
Q

What philosophies were considered as answers to the problems of this period of Chinese history?

A

Legalism and Confucianism were both considered as solutions to the disorder of the Warring States period

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21
Q

Who was the first emperor of the Qin dynasty? How long did he rule? Was he a kind or cruel leader?

A

Qin Shihuangdi ruled for 221–210 bce and he was a crul ruler

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22
Q

Describe the tomb complex of Emperor Qin Shihuangdi. What shape is it? What famous discovery was buried alongside him?

A

its a a truncated pyramid that lies within an inner wall and beneath a four-sided pyramid mound that was originally landscaped to appear as a low, wooded mountain.

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23
Q

What philosophy did the Han Dynasty adopt?

A

Confucianism

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24
Q

How did Emperor Han Wudi choose qualified people to work for the elaborate political bureaucracy holding the Han Empire together?

A

he created his own goverment schools then selected what he though to be supperior intellegent people

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25
Q

How long did the Chinese emperors use this selection process to find qualified people to work for the government?

A

nearly a millennium

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26
Q

What were the three reasons the Han Dynasty collapsed?

A

The Han Dynasty suffered from in-fighting, political intrigue, natural disasters, and many rebellions and revolts

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27
Q

List two facts about the Nile River. What is its nickname?

A

It’s the longest river on Earth.
There’s more than one Nile
the father of African rivers

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28
Q

What was Osiris the god of?

A

fertility, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation

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29
Q

Who was Nephthys’s son with Osiris? What was he the god of?

A

the jackal-headed god Anubis.

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30
Q

Who brought Osiris back to life?

A

Isis

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31
Q

List the names of the three Pyramids of Giza.

A

Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure

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32
Q

How did Osiris judge the dead for whether they were good or bad in life?

A

weighing their heart against the feather of Ma’at

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33
Q

What organ was left in the mummified body of the dead?

A

the heart

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34
Q

Describe the government of Athens:

A

a direct democracy,

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34
Q
A
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35
Q

Who was the last pharaoh of Egypt?

A

Cleopatra

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36
Q

What is the Greek word for city-state?

A

polis

37
Q

Describe the government of Sparta:

A

a constitutional diarchy

38
Q

Which Greek god or goddess is the Parthenon dedicated to? What city is the Parthenon located in?

A

Athena Parthenos in athens

39
Q

Which Emperor expanded Rome to its largest size?

A

Trajan

40
Q

What were the two social classes in Ancient Rome?

A

Patricians (upper class) and Plebeians (common people)

41
Q

What did aqueducts do for Romans?

A

bring water from outside sources into cities and towns

42
Q

What was the Colosseum?

A

Entertainment: The Colosseum was used to host public spectacles, such as gladiator fights, animal hunts, and mock naval battles.

43
Q

Before it was an empire, what kind of government did the Romans have?

A

Republic

44
Q

Name the engineering marvel that brought water into Roman cities.

A

Aqueducts

45
Q

Who was the first Roman Emperor?

A

Augustus

46
Q
  • What were the two main social classes in ancient Rome?
A

the Patricians (upper class) and the Plebeians (common people)

47
Q

What was the significance of the Roman road system.

A

military transportation

48
Q
  • Who was allowed to participate in Athens’ democracy?
A

male citizens

49
Q

What was the primary focus of Spartan society?

A

military excellence

49
Q
  • Which war united Athens and Sparta against a common enemy?
A

second persian war

50
Q
  • What temple was on the Acropolis in Athens?
A

Parthenon or Temple of Athena Parthenos

51
Q

What was the role of a satrap in the Persian Empire?

A

collected taxes and was the supreme judicial authority

52
Q

Who built the city of Persepolis?

A

King Darius the Great

52
Q
  • Name the primary religion that originated in ancient Persia.
A

Zoroastrianism

53
Q

What common practice in the ancient world was rare in the Persian empire because their Zoroastrian faith prohibited it?

A

human sacrifice

54
Q

What philosophy did the Qin Dynasty adopt to maintain order?

A

Legalism

55
Q

What was the Terra Cotta Army?

A

he Terracotta Army refers to the thousands of life-size clay models of soldiers, horses, and chariots which were deposited around the grand mausoleum of Shi Huangdi

55
Q
  • After seeing the problems that the Qin Dynasty had, what philosophy did the Han Dynasty adopt to maintain order?
A

Confucianism

56
Q

What was the civil service system in Han Dynasty China?

A

a meritocracy that selected government officials based on their ability and knowledge, rather than their social status

57
Q

Who was the most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire?

A

Ashoka

58
Q

What social structure did Hindus in the Gupta Empire adhere to?

A

caste system

58
Q
  • What important mathematical discovery was made under Gupta rule?
A

the development of the decimal system

58
Q

Which two empires worshiped the same gods and goddesses, but used different names for?

A

Greek and Roman

58
Q

Name the two religions most practiced in the Maurya and Gupta Empires?

A

Hinduism and Buddhism

58
Q
  • Which dynasty built the Great Wall of China?
A

Qin, Han, Ming, and Qing dynasties

58
Q

What god was the Parthenon dedicated to?

A

to honor the Greek goddess Athena, the patron deity of Athens

59
Q
  • Name one of the major architectural achievements of ancient Egypt.
A

the Great Pyramid of Giza

59
Q
  • Who was the Egyptian god of mummification?
A

Anubis

60
Q

What were the primary food sources for Paleolithic humans?

A

meat

61
Q

What major technological advancement did Paleolithic humans utilize for hunting and protection against predators?

A

The control of fire

61
Q

How did human migration patterns during the Paleolithic era shape cultural diversity?

A

dispersing small groups of early humans across vastly different geographical regions

62
Q

Describe the role of kinship groups in Paleolithic societies.

A

served as the primary social structure, providing a foundation for cooperation, resource sharing, decision-making, and overall community stability

63
Q

Name two regions where agriculture first emerged during the Neolithic Revolution.

A

the Fertile Crescent (11,000 BP), the Yangtze and Yellow River basins

64
Q

Explain how the development of agriculture influenced social structures in Neolithic communities.

A

people began to settle in one place and cultivate crops

65
Q

How did the Agricultural Revolution lead to the specialization of labor?

A

enabling the production of food surpluses

66
Q

What is the key difference between agriculture and hunting-gathering?

A

how they get the food

67
Q

What were the environmental impacts of the Agricultural Revolution?

A

Land transformation, Carbon dioxide release, Water quality issues, Marine pollution, Greenhouse gas emissions

68
Q

Identify two technological innovations from the Agricultural Revolution that improved farming practices.

A

The seed drill and Mechanical Reaper

69
Q

How did the Agricultural Revolution contribute to population growth?

A

it led to an increase in food production

70
Q

What is a ziggurat, and what purpose did it serve in Mesopotamian society?

A

a temple dedicated to a city’s patron god

71
Q

How did Mesopotamians get water from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to their fields?

A

a system of canals dug from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to transport water to their fields,

72
Q

Identify two major city-states in ancient Mesopotamia.

A

Babylon and Assyria

73
Q

What was the Code of Hammurabi, and why was it important?

A

It established family law, criminal law, economic law, and laws regulating certain professions

74
Q

Describe the significance of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for Mesopotamian civilization.

A

provide drinking water, agricultural irrigation, and major transportation routes.

75
Q

What artifacts from the Indus River Valley civilization suggests they had a robust trade network?

A

standardized clay seals

76
Q

What features of urban planning were evident in the Indus River Valley civilization?

A

Grid system, Drainage and sanitation, Water supply

77
Q

Explain how trade networks influenced the growth of the Indus River Valley civilization.

A

facilitating the exchange of raw materials from distant regions, allowing them to produce a diverse range of goods, develop specialized crafts, and foster economic prosperity

78
Q

What are pastoralists?

A

a farmer who breeds and takes care of animals,

79
Q

How were Paleolithic hunter-gatherers egalitarian?

A

relied on foraging for food, which required mobility and sharing of resources

80
Q

What happened when human diets shifted from a diverse hunter-gatherer diet to a carbohydrate-rich diet as agriculturalists?

A

increased risk of dental problems like cavities and potential health issues related to a less varied nutrient profile, while also contributing to population growth due to a more reliable food source

81
Q

What was the Mesopotamian writing system called?

A

Cuneiform

sdfxgc (6 decks)

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