Unit 3 - Development (Modules 42, 43, and 46-51)

Question 1

Developmental Psychology

Answer 1

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

The fertilized egg

Question 3

Embryo

Answer 3

The developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month.

Question 4

Fetus

Answer 4

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Question 5

Teratogens

Answer 5

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Question 6

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 6

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women heavy drinking. Signs include a small out of proportion head and abnormal facial features

Question 7

Habituation

Answer 7

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

Question 8

Maturation

Answer 8

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Question 9

Sex

Answer 9

In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

Question 10

Gender

Answer 10

In psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which poeple define boy, girl, man and women.

Question 11

Aggression

Answer 11

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Question 12

Relational Aggression

Answer 12

An act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a persons relationship or social standing

Question 13

Role

Answer 13

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Question 14

Gender Role

Answer 14

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females

Question 15

Gender Identity

Answer 15

Our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two

Question 16

Social Learning Theory

Answer 16

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Question 17

Gender Typing

Answer 17

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or female role

Question 18

Androgyny

Answer 18

Displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychology characteristics

Question 19

Transgender

Answer 19

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex

Question 20

Cognition

Answer 20

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

Question 21

Schema

Answer 21

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Question 22

Assimilation

Answer 22

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Question 23

Accommodation

Answer 23

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Question 24

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 24

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (birth - 2 years) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Question 25

Object Permanence

Answer 25

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Question 26

Preoperational Stage

Answer 26

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (2 - 6/7 years) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Question 27

Conservation

Answer 27

The principle that properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Question 28

Egocentrism

Answer 28

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

Question 29

Theory of Mind

Answer 29

People’s ideas about their own and others mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

Question 30

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 30

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (7-11 years) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Question 31

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 31

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of development (starting around age 12) during which poeple begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Question 32

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Answer 32

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Question 33

Stranger Anxiety

Answer 33

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning about 8 months of age

Question 34

Attachment

Answer 34

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on seperation

Question 35

Critical Period

Answer 35

An optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Question 36

Imprinting

Answer 36

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

Question 37

Strange Situation

Answer 37

A procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environemnt while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the childs reactions are observed

Question 38

Secure Attachment

Answer 38

Demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves and find comfort in the caregiver’s return

Question 39

Insecure Attachment

Answer 39

Demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

Question 40

Temperament

Answer 40

A persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Question 41

Basic Trust

Answer 41

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Question 42

Adolescence

Answer 42

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Question 43

Puberty

Answer 43

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable or reproducing

Question 44

Identity

Answer 44

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Question 45

Social Identity

Answer 45

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “who and I?” that comes from our group memberships

Question 46

Intimacy

Answer 46

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood

Question 47

Menopause

Answer 47

The time of natural cessation of mensuration; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Question 48

Neurocognitive Disorders

Answer 48

Acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse

Question 49

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 49

A neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

Question 50

Social Clock

Answer 50

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement