Unit 3 - Conditioning (Modules 26-28)

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

The process of acquiring though experiencing new and relatively enduring information

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

Question 3

Associative learning

Answer 3

Learning that certain events occur together

Question 4

Stimulus

Answer 4

Any event or situation that evokes a response

Question 5

Respondent Behavior

Answer 5

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Question 6

Operant Behavior

Answer 6

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Question 7

Cognitive learning

Answer 7

The acquisition of mental information whether by observing events by watching others or through language

Question 8

Classical Conditioning

Answer 8

A type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli

Question 9

Behaviorism

Answer 9

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

Question 10

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 10

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Question 11

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 11

In classical conditioning an unlearned naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)

Question 12

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 12

In classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers an unconditioned response (UR)

Question 13

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 13

In classical conditioning a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

Question 14

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 14

In classical conditioning an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

Question 15

Aquisition

Answer 15

In classical conditioning the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

Question 16

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 16

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

Question 17

Extinction

Answer 17

The diminishing of a conditioned response

Question 18

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 18

The reappearance - after a pause - of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 19

Generalization

Answer 19

The tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 20

Discrimination

Answer 20

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 21

Operant Conditioning

Answer 21

A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a punishment

Question 22

Law of effect

Answer 22

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 23

Operant Chamber

Answer 23

In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer

Question 24

Reinforcement

Answer 24

An operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 25

Shaping

Answer 25

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 26

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 26

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

Question 27

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 27

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers (presented after and strengthens the response)

Question 28

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 28

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli (removed after and strengthens the response)

Question 29

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 29

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Question 30

Conditioned Reinforcer

Answer 30

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (aka a secondary reinforcer)

Question 31

Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 31

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 32

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 32

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 33

Partial reinforcement schedule

Answer 33

Reinforcing a response only part of the time

Question 34

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Answer 34

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 35

Variable-ratio Schedule

Answer 35

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 36

Fixed-interval schedule

Answer 36

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 37

Variable-interval schedule

Answer 37

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

Question 38

Punishment

Answer 38

An event that tends to decrease the behavior that follows

Question 39

Biofeedback

Answer 39

A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle psychological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension