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AP Psychology > Unit 0 - All Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 0 - All Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and lowest score in a set of data

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2
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Perceiving a relationship where none exists or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship

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3
Q

Causation

A

When one trait or behavior tends to cause another

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4
Q

Correlation

A

When one thing happens because of another

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5
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (ranges from -1 to +1)

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6
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occuring score(s) in a set of data

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7
Q

Median

A

The middle score in a set of data

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8
Q

Mean

A

The average number in a set of data

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9
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

Combines biological, psychological and social-cultural viewpoints

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10
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

How we achieve personal growth and self-fulfillment

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11
Q

Psychodynamic Psychology

A

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

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12
Q

Social-cultural Psychology

A

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

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13
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

How the natural selection of traits had promoted the survival of genes

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14
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

How poeple encode, process, store and retrieve information

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15
Q

Biological Psychology

A

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories and sensory experiences. How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.

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16
Q

Behavioral Psychology

A

How we learn observable responses

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17
Q

Case Study

A

A descriptive technique in which an individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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18
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A descriptive technique for recording/observing behavior in naturally occuring situations without control or manipulation

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19
Q

Survey

A

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group usually by questioning a random sample

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20
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

A study of people over their lifetime

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21
Q

Cross-sectional Study

A

A study of multiple poeple from different ages

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22
Q

Meta Analysis

A

Combining the results of a number of different reports to create a single, more precise estimate/finding

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23
Q

Experiment

A

A researcher manipulates one or more variables to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. Only thing to establish cause and effect through random assignment.

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24
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

People will change their behavior when they know they are being observed (tied to naturalistic observation)

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25
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to search, interpret, and recall information in a way that aligns with our preexisting values, opinions or beliefs.

26
Q

Self-report Bias

A

Selective revealing or suppression of information (usually by survey respondents)

27
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

The tendency for survey respondents to answer questions in a way they think will be favorably viewed by others

28
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to believe - after learning the outcome - one would have foreseen it (“I knew it all along”)

29
Q

Overconfidence

A

People tend to be more confident than they are correct

30
Q

Perceiving Order in Random Events

A

Random sequences often don’t look random

31
Q

Informed Assent

A

Consent process when minor is under 18 (must have parental permission)

32
Q

Informed Consent

A

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

33
Q

Debriefing

A

Post-experimental explanation of study (purpose and deceptions)

34
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction often based off a theory

35
Q

Theory

A

A set of ideas that predicts behaviors and events

36
Q

Falsifiable

A

When a hypothesis can be proven false

37
Q

Operational Definitions

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study

38
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study - different principles and situations - to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

39
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The outcome that is measured

40
Q

Independent Variable

A

The factor that is manipulated

41
Q

Variable

A

Anything that can vary and is feasible/ethical to measure

42
Q

Confounding Variable

A

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a studies results

43
Q

Control Group

A

The group not exposed to the treatment that serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

44
Q

Experimental Group

A

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment

45
Q

Random Assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance

46
Q

Random Sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has equal chance of inclusion

47
Q

Population

A

All those in a group from which samples may be drawn

48
Q

Sampling Bias

A

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

49
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectation alone - effect from which recipient assumes is an active agent

50
Q

Double-blind Procedure

A

Neither the researcher or the participants knows whether they received the treatment or the placebo

51
Q

Scatterplot

A

A graphed cluster of dots, each representing the value of two variables. The “slope” suggests correlation

52
Q

Histogram

A

A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

53
Q

Regression Toward the Mean

A

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores/events to fall back (regress) toward average

54
Q

Percentile Rank

A

The percentage of scores in a distribution that are equal to or lower than a specific score

55
Q

Effect Size

A

Measure of meaningfulness in an experiment (How much of an impact?)

56
Q

Statistical Significance

A

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

57
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Numerical data allowing one to infer the probability of something being true for a population

58
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation

59
Q

Skewed Distribution

A

Scores lacking symmetry around average (positive and negative skew)

60
Q

Standard Deviation

A

How much scores vary around the mean score

61
Q

Normal Curve

A

A symmetrical, bell shaped curve

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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