Unit 2 - Thinking And Problem Solving (Modules 34-36)

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

All the mental activates associated with thinkin, knowing, remembering and communicating

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

A mental image or best example of a category

Question 4

Creativity

Answer 4

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas

Question 5

Convergent Thinking

Answer 5

Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Question 6

Divergent Thinking

Answer 6

Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions

Question 7

Algorithm

Answer 7

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Question 8

Heuristic

Answer 8

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than an algorithm

Question 9

Insight

Answer 9

A sudden realization of a problems solution

Question 10

Confirmation Bias

Answer 10

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions, and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

Question 11

Fixation

Answer 11

In cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving

Question 12

Mental Set

Answer 12

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 13

Intuition

Answer 13

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought

Question 14

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 14

Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Question 15

Availability Heuristic

Answer 15

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

Question 16

Overconfidence

Answer 16

The tendency to be more confident than correct - overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Question 17

Framing

Answer 17

The way an issue is posed (ex. wording)

Question 18

Language

Answer 18

Our spoke, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 19

Phoneme

Answer 19

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 20

Morpheme

Answer 20

In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word

Question 21

Grammar

Answer 21

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Question 22

Babbling Stage

Answer 22

Beginning around four months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Question 23

One-word stage

Answer 23

The stage in speech development, from about age one to two, during which a child speech mostly in single words

Question 24

Two word stage

Answer 24

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development where a child speaks mostly in two word statements

Question 25

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 25

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - using mostly nouns and verbs

Question 26

Aphasia

Answer 26

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)

Question 27

Linguistic determinism

Answer 27

The strong form of Whorf’s hypothesis - that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us

Question 28

Linguistic Influence

Answer 28

The weaker form of “linguistic relativity” - the idea that language effects thought