Unit 2 - Memory (Modules 31-33)

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 2

Recall

Answer 2

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test

Question 3

Recognition

Answer 3

A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

Question 4

Relearning

Answer 4

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Question 5

Encoding

Answer 5

The process of getting information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning

Question 6

Storage

Answer 6

The process of retaining encoded information over time

Question 7

Retrieval

Answer 7

The process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 8

Parallel Processing

Answer 8

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

Question 9

Sensory Memory

Answer 9

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 10

Short Term Memory

Answer 10

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored and forgotten.

Question 11

Working Memory

Answer 11

A new understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long term memory

Question 12

Explicit Memory

Answer 12

Retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Question 13

Effortful Processing

Answer 13

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 14

Automatic Processing

Answer 14

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well learned information, such as word meanings

Question 15

Implicit Memory

Answer 15

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

Question 16

Iconic Memory

Answer 16

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 17

Echoic Memory

Answer 17

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within three or four seconds

Question 18

Chunking

Answer 18

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Question 19

Mnemonics

Answer 19

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 20

Spacing Effect

Answer 20

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice

Question 21

Testing Effect

Answer 21

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information

Question 22

Shallow Processing

Answer 22

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 23

Deep Processing

Answer 23

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Question 24

Semantic Memory

Answer 24

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems

Question 25

Episodic Memory

Answer 25

Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems

Question 26

Hippocampus

Answer 26

A neural center located in the lambic system; helps process explicit memories of facts and events for storage

Question 27

Memory Consolidation

Answer 27

The neural storage of long term memory

Question 28

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 28

A clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 29

Long Term Potentiation

Answer 29

An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 30

Encoding Specifically Principle

Answer 30

The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it.

Question 31

Mood Congruent Memory

Answer 31

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

Question 32

Serial Position Effect

Answer 32

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list

Question 33

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 33

An inability to form new memories

Question 34

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 34

An inability to retrieve information from ones past

Question 35

Proactive Interference

Answer 35

The forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Question 36

Retroactive interference

Answer 36

The backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

Question 37

Repression

Answer 37

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories

Question 38

Reconsolidation

Answer 38

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stores again

Question 39

Misinformation Effect

Answer 39

Occurs when misleading information has distorted ones memory of an event

Question 40

Source Amnesia

Answer 40

Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined.

Question 41

Deja Vu

Answer 41

That eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”. Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience