Unit 3 Definitions (Good copy)

Question 1

Cerebrovascular

Answer 1

Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain (cerebrum: the main portion of the brain with 2 cerebral hemispheres)

Question 2

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Answer 2

Another term for STROKE

Question 3

Stroke

Answer 3

• “A SUDDEN AND SEVERE ATTACK”

- A condition caused by a disorder of the BLOOD VESSELS serving the brain, with impaired blood supply and ischemia

Question 4

Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)

Answer 4

TEMPORARY (less than 24 hours) lack of blood to the brain usually resulting from atherosclerosis

Question 5

Ischemic stroke

Answer 5

• A stroke caused by OCCLUSION of a major cerebral artery.
• Occlusion may be due to THROMBOSIS and EMBOLIC occlusion of a major vessel.
• The heart is the most common source of the embolism due to damage to heart tissue i.e. atherothrombotic disease, atrial fibrillation

Question 6

Thrombus

Answer 6

Blood CLOT formed WITHIN a blood vessel and remained attached to its place of origin

Question 7

Embolus

Answer 7

Abnormal particle, such as an air bubble or a blood clot,

CIRCULATING IN THE BLOOD

Question 8

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 8

Abnormal PARTICLE in the brain resulting from rupture of cerebral artery

Question 9

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Answer 9

• A stroke caused by bleeding from an artery into the brain

- Often due to damage to vessels from HIGH blood pressure and/or ageing

Question 10

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

Answer 10

• Bleeding into the subarachnoid space (the space between membranes that surround the brain tissue)
• Can be due to trauma, developmental defect, or infection

Question 11

Aneurysm

Answer 11

A SAC formed by the localised DILATATION of the wall of an artery, vein, or heart

Question 12

Atrophy

Answer 12

Decrease size of a normally developed organ or tissue

Question 13

Hypertrophy

Answer 13

Increase in volume of a tissue or organ produced entirely by enlargement of existing cells

Question 14

Atherosclerosis

Answer 14

Deposits of PLAQUES containing CHOLESTEROL AND OTHER LIPIDS are formed within the LARGE AND MEDIUM sized arteries

Question 15

Blood Pressure

Systole

Diastole

Hypertension

Answer 15

The pressure of blood against the walls of any blood vessel – usually referring to arterial blood pressure; determined by pumping action of heart, resistance to the flow of blood in the arterioles, the elasticity of the walls of the main arteries, blood volume and blood viscosity

Blood pressure during the CONTRACTION phase of the heart

Blood pressure during the RELAXATION phase of the heart

Persistently high blood pressure (Pierson > 130/90 mm Hg)

Question 16

Hemiparesis

Answer 16

Paresis (INCOMPLETE paralysis) affecting ONE side of the body

Question 17

Hemiplegia

Answer 17

PARALYSIS of ONE side of the body

Due to brain lesion such as tumour or stroke

Question 18

Flaccidity

Answer 18

• Decreased RESISTANCE to passive movement

- Decreased TONE

Question 19

Spasticity

Answer 19

• Velocity-dependent increased resistance to PASSIVE stretch of a muscle
• Increased TONE

Question 20

Tone

Answer 20

Amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle.

Question 21

Clonus

Answer 21

• Continuous rhythmic reflex tremor

- Alternate involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation in rapid succession

Question 22

Homonymous hemianopia

Answer 22

Loss of vision in the SAME visual field of BOTH eyes

Question 23

Perseveration

Answer 23

Involuntary persistence of the same verbal or motor response; patients may repeat the same work or movement – difficult to redirect to new activity

Question 24

Aphasia

Answer 24

LANGUAGE disorder, could be expressive (loss of expression by speech, writing, or signs) or receptive
(comprehension of spoken or written language) or global (combination). “Technically”, without language or COMPLETE loss of language.

Question 25

Dysphasia

Answer 25

As for aphasia.

“Technically”, PARTIAL loss of language

Question 26

Dysphagia

Answer 26

Difficulty in SWALLOWING due to a variety of causes i.e. neurological condition such as a stroke, local trauma with muscle damage, tumour

Question 27

Dysarthria

Answer 27

Difficulty with ARTICULATION of speech due to altered muscular control from nerve damage

Question 28

Cognition

Answer 28

“Process by which the individual acquires and uses information” (Pedretti, p 591)

Question 29

Perception

Answer 29

INTERPRETATION of sensory information received from the environment

Question 30

Neglect

Answer 30

Following CVA in PARIETAL lobe, disregard for the involved side of the body; impaired perception of vertical

Question 31

Agnosia

Answer 31

Inability to perceive objects even though sensory pathways are functioning; inability to RECOGNISE familiar objects i.e. affected arm or leg

Question 32

Apraxia/Dyspraxia

Answer 32

Inability to or difficulty performing VOLITIONAL or PURPOSEFUL movements & gestures, despite having the physical ability to do so

Question 33

Constructional apraxia

Answer 33

• “Unable to synthesise individual spatial elements into a whole” (Teasell, Bayona & Heitxner)
• Difficulty drawing a picture or constructing a model.
• Lesion usually right parietal lobe

Question 34

Dressing apraxia

Answer 34

• Inability to dress when not limited by sensory or motor impairments.
• Due to lesions of right parietal lobe

Question 35

Figure ground

Answer 35

-Ability to locate objects in the environment
-Ability to ability to separate the figure in a picture from the
background.

Question 36

Neuroplasticity

Answer 36

The capacity of the brain to change both anatomically and functionally to compensate for injury and modifications in the environment.

Question 37

Stereognosis

Answer 37

The ability to identify, that is, appreciate the form and nature of objects by the sense of touch.