UNIT 3: Chapter Seven - 3.7 & 3.8, Pages 171-184 Flashcards
Linguists
Scientists who study languages.
Language Tree
The relationship among the language families is shown in these.
Indo-European Language Family
A large group of languages that might have descended from a language spoken around 6,000 years ago.
Romance Languages
The unifying language of Latin diverged into dozens of distinct regional languages.
Isoglosses
Boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage.
Dialects
Variations in accent, grammar, usage, and spelling create these.
Adages
Sayings that attempt to express a truth about life.
Toponyms
The names of places.
Official Language
One designated by the law to be the language of government.
Homogenous
Made up largely of ethnically similar people.
Adherents
Believers in their faith.
Ethnic Religions
Belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers.
Universal Religions
A region that actively seeks converts to its faith regardless of their ethnic backgrounds.
Hinduism
Includes the worship of many deities, polytheistic.
Polytheistic
Having many gods.
Monotheistic
Having one god.
Karma
The idea that behaviors have consequences in the present life or future life– and in dharma –which means the righteous path.
Caste System
A rigid class structure (shaped Indian society).
Buddhism
Grew out of the teachings of a prince named Siddhartha who lived around 600 B.C.E. Accepting many beliefs of Hinduism but rejecting the caste system, Siddhartha became known as the Buddha, or “enlightened one.”
Four Noble Truths
Where Buddhist doctrines became summarized.
Eightfold Path
If followed, believed to eliminate desire and suffering.
Sikhism
Relatively new. Founded by Guru Nanak in the Punjab region that crosses the border of India and Pakistan during the 16th century.
Gurdwara
A Sikh’s place of worship.
Judaism
Among the first monotheistic faiths. Believe that the writing known as the Torah express divine will.
Torah
Supplemented by other writings as well as unwritten laws and customs.
Holocaust
During World War II. The systematic murder of six million Jews by Nazi Germany.
Christianity
Followers of a Jewish teacher, Jesus, evolved into their own religion based on the belief that Jesus was the son of God and the savior of humans.
Islam
Religion is followed by Muslims. Muslims believe that Allah– the Arabic word for God –revealed his teachings to humans through a series of prophets.
Five Pillars
Belief in one god– Allah, Ritual Player, Almsgiving, Fasting, and Pilgrimage to Mecca
Sunni
90 Percent of Adherents of this subdivision in Islam
Shia
10 Percent of Adherents of this subdivision in Islam
Pilgrimage
A religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of his or her religion.
Acculturation
An ethnic or immigrant group moving to a new area adopts the values and practices of the larger group that has received them, while still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture.
Assimilation
When an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group.
Syncretism
The fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait.
Multiculturalism
The coexistence of several cultures in one society with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study.
Nativists
(anti-immigrant), attitudes that sometimes bring violence and government actions against the immigrant or minority group.
