Unit 3 - Chapter 10 - Social Psychology

Question 1

What term do psychologists use to describe our liking of other people?

Answer 1

Appeal (interpersonal attraction)

Question 2

Which term refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group?

Answer 2

Stereotype

Question 3

What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior?

Answer 3

enticement (persuasion)

Question 4

What do we call judgements about people, situations, objects or thoughts?

Answer 4

attitudes

Question 5

How can a coach get his football team to perform better if he suspects they are exhibiting social loafing

Answer 5

introduce new challenges (grade their individual performances)

Question 6

Some have suggested that the results of Milgram’s obedience study may have been due to the ____ effect

Answer 6

Reciprocity (foot in the door)

Question 7

It is 1951, and you are required to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the time that matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter Solomon Asch is studying _____

Answer 7

bystander apathy (conformity)

Question 8

According to the research of Latane and Darley, which of the following situations would be the most likely in which someone would offer to help?

Answer 8

person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it

Question 9

What term do psychologists use for the phenomenon that occurs when people are less likely to aid a person in trouble if there are other people around who are also potential helpers?

Answer 9

bystander effect

Question 10

Which type of love is defined as commitment only?

Answer 10

infatuation (empty love)

Question 11

Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called ___

Answer 11

Causal analysis (attribution)

Question 12

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance?

Answer 12

pink shirts are considered feminine; Bruce Willis wears pink shirts

Question 13

In both social facilitation and social impairment, the key factor is _____

Answer 13

the number of people (Control group)

Question 14

Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will politely listen to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the _____ phenomenon

Answer 14

foot in the door

Question 15

Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on ______

Answer 15

the influences of the social world in which we exist

Question 16

Alex is standing in line at Wal-Mart waiting to pay for his purchases. A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. Alex says to his friends, “That man is incredibly rude.” A social psychologist who is within earshot jots down a note so she can use the example in class. What does she write concerning Alex?

Answer 16

He made a dispositional attribution

Question 17

A state of tension that occurs when a person’s attitudes do not match the person’s actions is called

Answer 17

Cognitive dissonance

Question 18

Fran avoids talking with food in his mouth because he knows others think it is socially inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of

Answer 18

Social norms

Question 19

What is the BEST example of the behavioral component of an attitude?

Answer 19

Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause

Question 20

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

Answer 20

Anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

Question 21

People view the environmental protection agency as competent and believes they know correct information regarding what individuals should do to protect the environment, so they possess ________ social influence when it comes to enforcing a group norm of recycling

Answer 21

Informational

Question 22

Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram’s classic research?

Answer 22

People will obey an authority figure even if it means doing harm to others.

Question 23

Marco accepts a request to play the piano at his church’s Sunday services even though he is still learning how to play. He plays a well-learned, simple piece. Happily, he performs very well in front of his congregation. Marco’s behavior illustrates

Answer 23

Social facilitation

Question 24

In Solomon Asch’s study, which factor increased the rate of conformity?

Answer 24

The confederates answered unanimously

Question 25

Attributions are ___________.

Answer 25

reasons people make for why they and others do what they do

Question 26

The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the __________ effect.

Answer 26

door-in-the-face

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of attitudes?

Answer 27

goals

Question 28

What is the term for an improvement in performance caused by the perception that others are watching?

Answer 28

social facilitation

Question 29

One form of the norm of reciprocity is when the merchant offers more than the consumer asks for. This is called the ___________ technique.

Answer 29

that's-not-all

Question 30

A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The loan officer's belief is an example of __________ . His refusal to grant them loans is an example of __________.

Answer 30

prejudice; discrimination

Question 31

What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request?

Answer 31

foot-in-the-door effect

Question 32

A state of tension that occurs when a person's attitudes do not match the person's actions is called ___________. cognitive dissonance

Answer 32

cognitive dissonance

Question 33

When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call __________.

Answer 33

groupthink

Question 34

_________ is a change of behavior in response to an explicit request.

Answer 34

compliance

Question 35

In Zimbardo's prison study, male college students agreed to participate in a two-week experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. After the prisoners staged a revolt, the researchers found that ___________.

Answer 35

the guards became more aggressive

Question 36

What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person?

Answer 36

impression formation

Question 37

When we make situational attributions we are identifying the cause of an action as something __________.

Answer 37

in the environment

Question 38

In Solomon Asch's study, which factor increased the rate of conformity?

Answer 38

The number of confederates increased.

Question 39

You get a free sample of a new cereal in the mail. The company hopes you will try the cereal and then feel obligated to buy it. What term do psychologists use to describe this phenomenon?

Answer 39

norm of reciprocity

Question 40

What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior?

Answer 40

persuasion

Question 41

Giving in to indirect pressure to change your behavior and/or thoughts is called ___________.

Answer 41

conformity

Question 42

Which statement is the best explanation of the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 42

We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes.

Question 43

What do we call judgments about people, objects, or thoughts?

Answer 43

attitudes

Question 44

Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by __________.

Answer 44

the real or imagined presence of others

Question 45

Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on

Answer 45

the influences of the social world in which we exist

Question 46

" Pink shirts are considered feminine; Dwayne "The Rock " Johnson wears pink shirts"

Answer 46

would result in cognitive dissonance

Question 47

Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. AS you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called

Answer 47

attribution

Question 48

The realistic conflict theory focuses on

Answer 48

conflict between two groups

Question 49

All of the following terms are used in social identity theory EXCEPT

Answer 49

control group

Question 50

According to some studies, people who have religious commitments are more likely to live longer than do those

Answer 50

who do not have religious beliefs

Question 51

Empty love is defined as

Answer 51

commitment only

Question 52

Psychologists use the term bystander effect for the phenomenon that occurs when people are less likely to aid a person in trouble if there are other people around who are

Answer 52

potential helpers

Question 53

According to the research of Latane and Darley, " a person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in trouble in it" would be the most likely

Answer 53

in which someone would offer to help

Question 54

It is 1951, and you are required to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of threelines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch,

Answer 54

is studying conformity

Question 55

The Boston Red Sox is NOT an example of

Answer 55

groupthink

Question 56

Some have suggested that the results of Miligram's obedience study may have been due to the

Answer 56

foot-in-the door effect

Question 57

Judgments about people, situations, objects or thoughts are termed

Answer 57

attitudes

Question 58

Persuasion describes the use of

Answer 58

social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior

Question 59

Stereotype refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by

Answer 59

all members of a particular group

Question 60

Attributions are explanations that account for one's own

Answer 60

behaviors and/or the behaviors of others

Question 61

According to you textbook. "a lack of money for the basic necessities of life" is a primary reason why

Answer 61

living in poverty is stressful

Question 62

Psychologists use the term interpersonal attraction to describe

Answer 62

our liking of other people

Question 63

The hormone associated with aggression seems to be

Answer 63

testosterone

Question 64

When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call

Answer 64

group think

Question 65

Attitudes

Answer 65

are learned

Question 66

Dave believes all college professors are irritable , impatient, and uninterested in whether students learn. His belief is an example of

Answer 66

a stereotype

Question 67

Research has consistently shown that having a good social support system is of critical importance in a person's

Answer 67

ability to cope with stressors

Question 68

According to Sternberg, a couple whose love is based off of intimacy and passion but who hare not yet committed to a long-term relationship are in the form of love called

Answer 68

romantic love

Question 69

What is an attribution?

Answer 69

An explanation for behavior (either our behavior or the behavior of others)

Question 70

What is attribution theory?

Answer 70

theory about how people explain the causes of behavior

Question 71

What are some factors that affect causal attributions?

Answer 71

``` Physical Appearance Explanatory Style Situational/Dispositional Fundamental Attribution Error or Correspondence Bias Kelly Covariate Model Imagination of alternatives Counterfactual thoughts ```

Question 72

How does physical appearance play into attributions?

Answer 72

People are making judgments based on physical appearance relating to two important things Trust Dominance Youthful or baby faces are seen as trustworthy and non dominant

Question 73

What are the 3 dimensions of explanatory style?

Answer 73

1. Internal/external 2. Stable/Temporary 3. Global/specific

Question 74

Who is the father of attribution theory?

Answer 74

Heider

Question 75

How does explanatory style early in life predict later physical health?

Answer 75

Explanatory style at age 25 --> significant correlation of physical health age 45+

Question 76

What were the two main ways in which Heider explained attribution theory?

Answer 76

``` Internal attribution (Dispositional) Inference that the cause of the behavior in question is from something internal to the individual ``` External attribution (Situational) Inference that a behavior is the result of the situation that the person is in Inferred as well that most people would respond the same way in the same situation

Question 77

What were the 3 things that early attribution theory hypothesized should affect our attributions?

Answer 77

1. Free choice The more evidence that a behavior was freely chosen, the stronger the dispositional attribution 2. Expectedness The more expected the behavior, the weaker the dispositional attribution 3. Effects of the behavior The more positive effects of a behavior, the less certain you can be about why the person produced the behavior

Question 78

What is the fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias)

Answer 78

= tendency to discount the situation = The pervasive fundamental belief or schema we have about human behavior is that people do what they do because of the kind of people they are However, don't apply this to ourselves

Question 79

What are the 3 main reasons humans have a strong tendency to describe others behaviors dispositional and their own situationally?

Answer 79

1. Correspondence bias = We tend to infer that people's behavior matches their personality 2. Perceptual salience =When we are trying to figure out other people's behavior we are paying attention to the person and not as much to the situation 3. Actor/Observer difference = When we examine our own behavior we are the actor and we know ourselves so we are paying attention to the situation We have more information about ourselves than others When we are examining other people's behavior we are focusing on the person

Question 80

Explain the Fidel Castro Experiment

Answer 80

Subjects read one of two speeches about Fidel Castro - one pro the other anti - that were supposedly written by another student In one condition they were told the writer had chosen his stance, in the other condition they were told the writer was assigned a topic

Question 81

Explain the results of the Fidel Castro Experiment

Answer 81

Pro-Castro attributions were higher for people who chose to give the speech

Question 82

What is the Kelly Covariate Model?

Answer 82

More modern/complex attribution theory We use 3 kinds of information to make attributions: 1. Consistency Is the behavior consistent with previous behavior? 2. Distinctiveness Is the behavior distinctive or usual for the situation? 3. Consensus Is the behavior consistent to what others would do in the same situation?

Question 83

What is a good example of the Kelly Covariate model?

Answer 83

Kelly makes a very sarcastic comment to Cover and everyone laughs at him. Consistency Has Kelly been sarcastic in previous social situations? Distintiveness Is Kelly sarcastic with other people in the group? Consensus Are others being sarcastic to Cover? If we find that Kellyis not often sarcastic (low consistency & high distinctiveness) and that others are also being sarcastic to Cover (high consensus) we would conclude that Cover is being annoying If we find that Kelly is often sarcastic to other people and in many different situations (high consistency & low distinctiveness) and that others in the group were not being sarcastic to Cover (low consensus) we would conclude that Kelly is a bitch

Question 84

In the Kelly Covariate model, an external attribution is likely if?

Answer 84

High consensus, high distinctiveness, high consistency

Question 85

In the Kelly Covariate model, an internal attribution is likely if?

Answer 85

Low consensus, low distinctiveness, high consistency

Question 86

What is the discounting principle?

Answer 86

if we can imagine another reason or explanation to explain someone's behavior then we reduce the weight assigned to the other Ex. Example: Someone trying to land a job acts very personable in an interview We cannot make a confident attribution but from the general knowledge we have of people, we would infer that everyone acts personably in a group interview thus we cannot be confident that the applicant is all the personable We discount the possibility that what we have seen (personable demeanor) tells us something about the person involved (she's personable) because we imagine that almost anyone would act similarly in such a situation

Question 87

How does the discounting principle apply to Milgram's study?

Answer 87

When considering the high rate of obedience, you imagine what you would have done-> you would believe that you would have not obeyed experimenter's request to continue with the experiment (you would think you would be the change in the outcome of the experiment) thus you would have concluded that it was the person and not the situation that caused the behavior of obedience

Question 88

What are counterfactual thoughts?

Answer 88

thoughts of what might have happened, what could have happened or what should have happened, "if only" something had been different If only thoughts

Question 89

What is emotional amplification?

Answer 89

an increase in the emotional reaction to an event that is proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening