UNIT 2 - Chapter 5 - Learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Question 2

reflex

Answer 2

an involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response

Question 4

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 4

in classical conditioning, a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response

Question 5

unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 5

in classical conditioning, an involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 6

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that has no effect on the desired response prior to the conditioning

Question 7

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that becomes able to produce a conditioned response after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 8

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 9

stimulus generalization

Answer 9

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Question 10

stimulus discrimination

Answer 10

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning), or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

Question 12

spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Question 13

higher-order conditioning

Answer 13

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

Question 14

cognitive perspective

Answer 14

in classical conditioning, modern theory in which conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides the information or an expectancy about the coming of unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

conditioned emotional response (CER)

Answer 15

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

Question 16

vicarious conditioning

Answer 16

classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Question 17

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 17

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only ONE association

Question 18

biological preparedness

Answer 18

referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one, or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

Question 19

operant conditioning

Answer 19

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Question 20

law of effect

Answer 20

law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated

Question 21

operant

Answer 21

any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli

Question 22

reinforcement

Answer 22

any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Question 23

reinforcers

Answer 23

any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again

Question 24

primary reinforcer

Answer 24

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst or touch.

Question 25

secondary reinforcer

Answer 25

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Question 26

positive reinforcement

Answer 26

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

Question 27

negative reinforcement

Answer 27

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Question 28

partial reinforcement effect

Answer 28

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

Question 29

continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

the reinforcement of each and every correct response

Question 30

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Answer 30

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Question 31

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Answer 31

schedule of reinforcement in which he interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Question 32

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 32

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Question 33

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 33

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

Question 34

punishment

Answer 34

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Question 35

punishment by application

Answer 35

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

Question 36

punishment by removal

Answer 36

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

Question 37

discriminative stimulus

Answer 37

any stimulus such as a stop sign or a door knob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

Question 38

shaping

Answer 38

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

Question 39

behavior modification

Answer 39

the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior

Question 40

token economy

Answer 40

the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privilege’s

Question 41

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Answer 41

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

Question 42

biofeedback

Answer 42

using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

Question 43

neurofeedback

Answer 43

form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

Question 44

latent learning

Answer 44

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Question 45

insight

Answer 45

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

Question 46

learned helplessness

Answer 46

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

Question 47

observational learning

Answer 47

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Question 48

learning/performance distinction

Answer 48

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

Question 49

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________.

cognitive learning

vicarious learning

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

Answer 49

operant conditioning

Question 50

Rescorla’s modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ________.

reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event

there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS

the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS

the CS substitutes for the UCS

Answer 50

the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS

Question 51

An example of a discriminative stimulus might be ________.

the white rat in Watson’s Little Albert study of producing phobias

a knee jerk

a stop sign

the stimulus that acts as a UCS in classical conditioning

Answer 51

a stop sign

Question 52

Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is ________.

Watson

Skinner

Thorndike

Bandura

Answer 52

Bandura

Question 53

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________.

adaptation

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

memory linkage

Answer 53

classical conditioning

Question 54

Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called ________.

the learning/performance distinction

the observational delay effect

the innate performance preference

the delayed learning paradigm

Answer 54

the learning/performance distinction

Question 55

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ________.

learned helplessness

contingency blocking

response generalization

latent learning

Answer 55

learned helplessness

Question 56

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

a continuous schedule

a fixed-interval schedule

a fixed-ration schedule

a variable-ration schedule

Answer 56

a fixed-ration schedule