UNIT 2 - Chapter 5 - Learning Flashcards
learning
any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
reflex
an involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice
classical conditioning
learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
in classical conditioning, a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response
unconditioned response (UCR)
in classical conditioning, an involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus (NS)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that has no effect on the desired response prior to the conditioning
conditioned stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that becomes able to produce a conditioned response after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
stimulus discrimination
the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus
extinction
the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning), or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
higher-order conditioning
occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus
cognitive perspective
in classical conditioning, modern theory in which conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides the information or an expectancy about the coming of unconditioned stimulus
conditioned emotional response (CER)
emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person
vicarious conditioning
classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
conditioned taste aversion
development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only ONE association
biological preparedness
referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one, or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning
operant conditioning
the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses
law of effect
law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated
operant
any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli
reinforcement
any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again
reinforcers
any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again
primary reinforcer
any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst or touch.
secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
positive reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
negative reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
partial reinforcement effect
the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction
continuous reinforcement
the reinforcement of each and every correct response
fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
variable interval schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which he interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event
fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
punishment
any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
punishment by application
the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
punishment by removal
the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
discriminative stimulus
any stimulus such as a stop sign or a door knob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement
shaping
the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired, more complex behavior
behavior modification
the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior
token economy
the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privilege’s
applied behavior analysis (ABA)
modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
biofeedback
using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control
neurofeedback
form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior
latent learning
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
insight
the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly
learned helplessness
the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
observational learning
learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
learning/performance distinction
referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________.
cognitive learning
vicarious learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
operant conditioning
Rescorla’s modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ________.
reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event
there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS
the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS
the CS substitutes for the UCS
the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS
An example of a discriminative stimulus might be ________.
the white rat in Watson’s Little Albert study of producing phobias
a knee jerk
a stop sign
the stimulus that acts as a UCS in classical conditioning
a stop sign
Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is ________.
Watson
Skinner
Thorndike
Bandura
Bandura
Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________.
adaptation
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
memory linkage
classical conditioning
Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called ________.
the learning/performance distinction
the observational delay effect
the innate performance preference
the delayed learning paradigm
the learning/performance distinction
College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ________.
learned helplessness
contingency blocking
response generalization
latent learning
learned helplessness
Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
a continuous schedule
a fixed-interval schedule
a fixed-ration schedule
a variable-ration schedule
a fixed-ration schedule
