UNIT 2 - Chapter 8 - Development Across the Life Span Flashcards
human development
the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death
longitudinal design
research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time
cross-sectional design
research design in which participants age groups are studied at one particular point in time
cohort effect
the impact on development occurring when a group od people share a common time period or common life experience
nature
the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
nuture
the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth and social interactions
genetics
the science of inherited traits
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism
gene
section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements
dominant
referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait
recessive
referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene
ovum
the female sex cell, or egg
sperm
the male sex cell
fertilization
the union of the ovum and sperm
zygote
cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm
monozygotic twins
identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo
dizygotic twins
often called fraternal twins, occurring when two individual eggs get fertilized by separate sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time
bioethics
the study of ethical and moral issues brought about by new advances in biology and medicine
germinal period
first 2 weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
embryo
name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization
embryonic period
the period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop
critical periods
times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant
teratogen
any factor that can cause a birth defect
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
the physical and mental defects caused by consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
fetal period
the time from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby
fetus
name for the developing organism from 8 weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby
cognitive development
the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory
schemes
in this case, mental concepts formed through experiences with objects and events
sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment
object permanence
the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
preoperational stage
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world
egocentrism
the inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes
centration
in Piaget’s theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features
conservation
in Piaget’s theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature
irreversibility
in In Piaget’s theory, the inability of the young child to mentally revers an action
concrete operations stage
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking
formal operations stage
Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking
scafforlding
process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher
temperament
the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as “easy,” “difficult,” and slow to warm up”; the enduring characteristics with which each person is born
attachment
the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver
self-concept
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important significant people in one’s life
gender
the psychological aspects of being male or female
gender roles
The cultures expectations for male or female behavior, including attitudes, actions, and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture
gender identity
the individuals sense of being male or female
gender schema theory
theory of gender acquisition in which a child develops a mental pattern, or schema, for being male or female and then organizes observed and learned behavior around that schema
androgyny
characteristics of processing the most positive personality characteristics of males and females regardless of actual sex
adolescence
the period of life from about age 13 to the early 20’s, during which a young person is no longer physically a child, but is not yet an independent self-supporting adult
puberty
the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak
personal fable
type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm
imaginary audience
type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent’s thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are
identity versus role confusion
stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self
emerging adulthood
a time from late adolescence through the 20’s referring to those in who are childless, do not live in their own home, and are not earning enough money to be independent, mainly found in developed countries
menopause
the cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman’s reproductive capability
andropause
gradual changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system of middle-aged males
intimacy
an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining a sense of self
generatvity
providing guidance to one’s children or the next generation, or contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteer work
authoritarian parenting
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
permissive parenting
style or parenting in which parent makes few, if any, demands on a child’s behavior
permissive neglectful
permissive parenting in which is uninvolved with child or child’s behavior
permissive indulgent
permissive parenting in which parent is so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits
authoritative parenting
style of parenting in which parent combines warmth and affection with firm limits on a child’s behavior
ego integrity
sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life, processing the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego
According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and tends to be loud is labeled a(n) ________child.
negative
slow-to-warm-up
difficult
easy
difficult
Darragh is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of ________.
identity
generativity
autonomy
intimacy
identity
In a ________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
longitudinal
behavior genetics
cohort
cross-sectional
longitudinal
At birth, newborns seem most responsive to ________.
moderate voice pitches
high pitches and low pitches
rock and roll music
hip hop music
high pitches and low pitches
Piaget’s term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is ________.
conservation
centration
egocentrism
object permanence
object permanence
Which of the following describes the embryonic period?
the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
the period during which the umbilical cord develops
the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional
the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one’s sense of self, is called ________.
intimacy
attraction
bonding
attachment
intimacy
Traditional views of gender roles are more likely found in _______.
Western cultures
countries like the Netherlands, Germany, and Italy.
collectivist cultures
individualistic cultures
collectivist cultures
________ develop when two eggs each get fertilized by different sperm cells, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.
fraternal twins
monozygotic twins
dizygotic twins
wombmates
dizygotic twins
A(n) ________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.
compound
amine
gene
chromosome
gene
