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Psychology > UNIT 2 - Chapter 8 - Development Across the Life Span > Flashcards

UNIT 2 - Chapter 8 - Development Across the Life Span Flashcards

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1
Q

human development

A

the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death

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2
Q

longitudinal design

A

research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time

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3
Q

cross-sectional design

A

research design in which participants age groups are studied at one particular point in time

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4
Q

cohort effect

A

the impact on development occurring when a group od people share a common time period or common life experience

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5
Q

nature

A

the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

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6
Q

nuture

A

the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth and social interactions

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7
Q

genetics

A

the science of inherited traits

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8
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism

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9
Q

gene

A

section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements

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10
Q

dominant

A

referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait

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11
Q

recessive

A

referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene

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12
Q

ovum

A

the female sex cell, or egg

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13
Q

sperm

A

the male sex cell

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14
Q

fertilization

A

the union of the ovum and sperm

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15
Q

zygote

A

cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm

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16
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo

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17
Q

dizygotic twins

A

often called fraternal twins, occurring when two individual eggs get fertilized by separate sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time

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18
Q

bioethics

A

the study of ethical and moral issues brought about by new advances in biology and medicine

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19
Q

germinal period

A

first 2 weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining

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20
Q

embryo

A

name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization

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21
Q

embryonic period

A

the period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

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22
Q

critical periods

A

times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant

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23
Q

teratogen

A

any factor that can cause a birth defect

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24
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A

the physical and mental defects caused by consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

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25
Q

fetal period

A

the time from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby

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26
Q

fetus

A

name for the developing organism from 8 weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby

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27
Q

cognitive development

A

the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory

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28
Q

schemes

A

in this case, mental concepts formed through experiences with objects and events

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29
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment

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30
Q

object permanence

A

the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight

31
Q

preoperational stage

A

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world

32
Q

egocentrism

A

the inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes

33
Q

centration

A

in Piaget’s theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features

34
Q

conservation

A

in Piaget’s theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature

35
Q

irreversibility

A

in In Piaget’s theory, the inability of the young child to mentally revers an action

36
Q

concrete operations stage

A

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking

37
Q

formal operations stage

A

Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking

38
Q

scafforlding

A

process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

39
Q

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

A

Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher

40
Q

temperament

A

the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as “easy,” “difficult,” and slow to warm up”; the enduring characteristics with which each person is born

41
Q

attachment

A

the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver

42
Q

self-concept

A

the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important significant people in one’s life

43
Q

gender

A

the psychological aspects of being male or female

44
Q

gender roles

A

The cultures expectations for male or female behavior, including attitudes, actions, and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture

45
Q

gender identity

A

the individuals sense of being male or female

46
Q

gender schema theory

A

theory of gender acquisition in which a child develops a mental pattern, or schema, for being male or female and then organizes observed and learned behavior around that schema

47
Q

androgyny

A

characteristics of processing the most positive personality characteristics of males and females regardless of actual sex

48
Q

adolescence

A

the period of life from about age 13 to the early 20’s, during which a young person is no longer physically a child, but is not yet an independent self-supporting adult

49
Q

puberty

A

the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak

50
Q

personal fable

A

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm

51
Q

imaginary audience

A

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent’s thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are

52
Q

identity versus role confusion

A

stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self

53
Q

emerging adulthood

A

a time from late adolescence through the 20’s referring to those in who are childless, do not live in their own home, and are not earning enough money to be independent, mainly found in developed countries

54
Q

menopause

A

the cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman’s reproductive capability

55
Q

andropause

A

gradual changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system of middle-aged males

56
Q

intimacy

A

an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining a sense of self

57
Q

generatvity

A

providing guidance to one’s children or the next generation, or contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteer work

58
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

59
Q

permissive parenting

A

style or parenting in which parent makes few, if any, demands on a child’s behavior

60
Q

permissive neglectful

A

permissive parenting in which is uninvolved with child or child’s behavior

61
Q

permissive indulgent

A

permissive parenting in which parent is so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits

62
Q

authoritative parenting

A

style of parenting in which parent combines warmth and affection with firm limits on a child’s behavior

63
Q

ego integrity

A

sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life, processing the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego

64
Q

According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and tends to be loud is labeled a(n) ________child.

negative

slow-to-warm-up

difficult

easy

A

difficult

65
Q

Darragh is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of ________.

identity

generativity

autonomy

intimacy

A

identity

66
Q

In a ________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.

longitudinal

behavior genetics

cohort

cross-sectional

A

longitudinal

67
Q

At birth, newborns seem most responsive to ________.

moderate voice pitches

high pitches and low pitches

rock and roll music

hip hop music

A

high pitches and low pitches

68
Q

Piaget’s term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is ________.

conservation

centration

egocentrism

object permanence

A

object permanence

69
Q

Which of the following describes the embryonic period?

the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining

the period during which the umbilical cord develops

the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop

A

the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop

70
Q

According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one’s sense of self, is called ________.

intimacy

attraction

bonding

attachment

A

intimacy

71
Q

Traditional views of gender roles are more likely found in _______.

Western cultures

countries like the Netherlands, Germany, and Italy.

collectivist cultures

individualistic cultures

A

collectivist cultures

72
Q

________ develop when two eggs each get fertilized by different sperm cells, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

fraternal twins

monozygotic twins

dizygotic twins

wombmates

A

dizygotic twins

73
Q

A(n) ________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.

compound

amine

gene

chromosome

A

gene

Psychology (9 decks)

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