Unit 3 - Ch 8 - Cellular Respiration & Metabolic Pool Flashcards
Aerobic respiration
- reaction sequence
O2 present at the cellular level
C6H12O6 + 6O2»_space;> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (36-38 ATP + Heat)
Anaerobic respiration
O2 debt at the cellular level
Anaerobic respiration in animal / bacteria cells
no O2 at the cellular level
C6H12O6»_space;> 2 Lactic Acids + Energy (2ATP + Heat)
Anaerobic respiration in plant / yeast cells
brewing and baking
C6H12O6»_space;> 2CO2 + 2 Ethanols + Energy (2ATP + Heat)
Glycolysis location
occurs within the cytoplasm of cells (enzymes necessary)
Glycolysis summary
- Pyruvic acids - 3 C compounds - 2 / glucose
- Net ATP - 4 formed, 2 used = 2 net ATP / glucose
- NADH - 2 NADH / glucose
Fermentation location
occurs in the cytoplasm under anaerobic conditions (no O2)
Fermentation summary
- Lactic Acid or CO2 and Ethanol - 2 lactic acids / glucose (animal/bacteria)
OR 2 CO2 + 2 Ethanols / glucose (plant/yeast)
2) ATP - no additional ATP
3) NAD+ - 2 NAD+ / glucose
Aerobic Respiration Location in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- Eukaryotes - mitochondria
2. Prokaryotes - associated with plasma membrane
Aerobic respiration steps
- Glycolysis
- Transition Reaction
- Kreb’s Cycle
- Electron Transport System
Transition Reaction Summary
- Active Acetate - 2 C compounds; 2 formed / glucose
- NADH - 2 NADH / glucose
- CO2 - 2 CO2 / glucose
Kreb’s cycle summary
- Active Acetate - enters the cycle; 2 / glucose
- CO2 - 4 CO2 / glucose
- NADH - 6 NADH / glucose
- FADH2 - 2 FADH2 / glucose
- ATP - 2 ATP / glucose
Electron Transport Oxidative Phosphorylation
- energy in NADH and FADH2 is used to phosphorylation ADP (endergonic)
- oxidation provides energy for phosphorylation - occurs on the inner membrane of mitochondria
- each NADH produces 3 ATP
- each FADH2 produces 2 ATP
Role of Oxygen Gas in Electron Transport
- final e- acceptor
- forms metabolic water
Chemiosmotic Coupling
- part of Electron Transport
- discovered by Mitchell
- Proton gradient - as NADH and FADH2 are oxidized H+ are pumped out of the matrix via active transport - this happens in the matrix of mitochondria - powered via oxidation of NADH and FADH2
- ATP Synthetase - enzyme complex on the inner membrane - phosphorylates ADP to build ATP as H+ flow through facilitated transport
ATP Production (Aerobic) Per single glulcose
Reaction : NADH/FADH2 : ATP
Glycolysis : 2/0 : 2 net
Transition: 2/0 : 0
Kreb’s : 6/2 : 2
Electron Transport : 10NADH x 3 = 30 ATP / 2FADH x 2 = 4 ATP
= 34 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
+ 4 ATP via substrate level phosphorylation
Total = 38 ATP / Glucose
Explain why the amount of ATP produced in cellular respiration varies between 36 and 38.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while Transition, Kreb’s, and Electron Transport occur in mitochondria. The transfer of energy between locations accounts for the variation in the amount of ATP produced (36-38)
What are the two major processes that occur in the metabolic pool?
- Catabolism of lipids and proteins
2. Biosynthesis
Describe the biological importance of catabolism of lipids and proteins in the metabolic pool
- To metabolize fats and proteins to build ATP
- They enter cellular respiration as intermediate compounds
Describe biosynthesis and the biological importance of it in the metabolic pool
- an anabolic activity
- favored when caloric intake exceeds your caloric output
- Energy Storage - excess calories are stored as glycogen and fat
- Amino Acid Synthesis - synthesizes nonessential amino acids.
The difference between essential and nonessential amino acids
Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in the metabolic pool. They are required in your diet.
Nonessential amino acids are synthesized in the metabolic pool
Obligate Anaerobe and example
A type of organism that requires an O2 free environment to metabolize
- Clostridium sp. - bacterium that causes tetany = puncture wounds (necrosis)
Facultative Anaerobe and example
A type of organism that switch to fermentation under anaerobic conditions = brewing
- Yeast
Obligate Aerobe and example
A type of organism where O2 must be present for cellular respiration
- Mycobacterium sp.
