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Biology 115 > Unit 2 - Ch 4 - Cells > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Ch 4 - Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Maximum Cell Size is determined by two factors:

A
  1. Surface Area to Volume Ratio

2. Nuclear Distance

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2
Q

Explain surface area to volume ratio

A

as cells grow, SA(V) ratio decreases

a. Volume - determines the nutrients needed and wastes produced
b. Surface Area - exchange surface for nutrients and wastes

c. Exceptions:
1. Large Surface Area - nerve cells
2. Low Metabolic Activity -egg cells (fertilization causes rapid division)

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3
Q

Components of cell theory:

A

A. All organisms are made of cells - Schleiden, plants *

  • Schwann, animals*
  • multicellular and unicellular
  • viruses and prions not cellular

B. Cell is basic unit of life
- basis for cell culture, cloning, stem cells

C. All cells come from previously existing cells - Virchow *
- spontaneous generation does not occur

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4
Q

Who were the first to discover all organisms are made of cells?

A

Schleiden, plants

Schwann, animals

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5
Q

Who discovered all cells come from previously existing cells?

A

Virchow

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6
Q

describe the Plasma (Cell) Membrane and its components

A

semi-permeable barrier around cells

  1. Fluid Mosaic Model - current understanding
    a. Phospholipid Bilayer - 2 F.A. tails (hydrophobic) surrounded by 2 phosphate groups (hydrophilic) makes up the bulk of the cell membrane

b. Membrane Proteins - embedded in the bilayer - some serve as carrier molecules
c. Glycocalyx - composed of glycolipids and glycoproteins - only extends from cell surface - cell recognition sites

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7
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

2 F.A. tails (hydrophobic) surrounded by 2 phosphate groups (hydrophilic) makes up the bulk of the cell membrane

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8
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

embedded in the bilayer - some serve as carrier molecules

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9
Q

Glycocalyx

A

composed of glycolipids and glycoproteins - only extends from cell surface - cell recognition sites

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10
Q

describe the Cell Wall and its components

A

outer layer surrounding the cell membrane in some organisms

  • composed of cellulose in plants
  • composed of chitin in fungi
  • composed of peptidoglycan in bacteria
  1. Primary Cell Wall - formed first; can expand
  2. Secondary Cell Wall - forms later; fills the cell
  3. Middle Lamella - adheres adjacent plant cells
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11
Q

Describe the Nucleus and its components

A

responsible for genetic regulation of the cell - usually one per cell ( multinucleate and anucleate )

  1. Nuclear Envelope
  2. Nucleoplasm
  3. Nucleolus
  4. Chromatin
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12
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

or nuclear membrane - double membrane structure that isolates the nuclear material - contains nuclear pores

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13
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Semi-liquid nuclear material

  • clear in micrographs
  • source of monomers of DNA and RNA
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14
Q

Nucleolus

A

(vs. nucleoli which is plural)

- condensed portion within the nucleus - involved in rRNA synthesis

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15
Q

Chromatin

A

complex of DNA and protein - forms chromosomes during cell division - granular and dark in micrographs

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16
Q

Cytoplasm

A

liquid material surrounding the nucleus - source of monomers (monosaccharides, amino acids, glycerol and FA’s) - buffered (pH) - clear

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17
Q

Vacuoles/Vesicles

A

membrane bound containers

  • contain various substances
  • food vacuoles
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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

composed of rRNA

  • site of protein synthesis (condensation reactions)
  • appear granular (dark)
  • free in cytoplasm or attached to E.R.
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19
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

series of membranous canals

  • lumen: internal space the membranes enclose
  • part of the endomembrane system
  • contain enzymes
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20
Q

Smooth ER

A

no surface ribosomes

- lipid synthesis (condensation)

21
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomes on the surface

- site of protein synthesis

22
Q

Golgi Complex

A

part of the endomembrane sysem - stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles
- site of chemical modification and packaging of materials into vesicles *immature vs mature

23
Q

Lysosomes

A

membranous sacs that isolate hydrolytic enzymes (in animals)

  • fuse with food vacuoles to digest contents
  • rupture at cell death (apotosis)
  • fuse with cell structures no longer needed by the cell
24
Q

Peroxisomes

A

membrane bound containers that contain enzymes that break down peroxides

25
Q

Plastids and the different types

A

limited to photosynthetic organisms

  1. Chromoplasts
  2. Amyloplasts
  3. Chloroplasts
26
Q

Chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

a. Thylakoids - contain chlorophyll (disks)
b. Grana - stacks of thylakoids
c. Stroma - fluid filled area around grana (clear)

  • double membrane and contain DNA
27
Q

Amyloplasts

A

Plastid that stores starch molecules

- extensive in potatoes

28
Q

Chromoplasts

A

produce and store secondary plant pigments (fall colors)

- xanthophylls (yellow) and carotenes (orange)

29
Q

Mitochondria and its components

A

site of aerobic respiration

  • double membrane structure and contain DNA
  • mitochondrion (singular)
  1. Cristae - infoldings of the inner membrane - contains enzyme complexes that synthesize ATP
  2. Matrix - fluid filled interior
30
Q

Describe the Cytoskeleton and its components

A

forms an internal network within cells

  1. Actin Filaments or Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate Filaments
  3. Microtubules
    a. Cilia
    b. Flagella
    c. Centrioles
31
Q

Actin Filaments

A

Part of the cytoskeleton

  • (7 nm)
  • microfilaments
  • composed of actin protein
  • muscle tissue
32
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Part of the cytoskeleton

  • (8-10 nm)
  • composed of fibrous proteins
  • structural role in cells
33
Q

Microtubules

A

Part of the cytoskeleton

  • (25 nm)
  • composed of tubulin dimers
  • provides structural support. Role in cell movement and cell division
  1. Cilia
  2. Flagella
  3. Centrioles
34
Q

Nanometer

A

nm = 1/1000 micrometer

35
Q

Cilia

A

small hair-like extensions from the cell surface

  • 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
  • involved in cell motility in ciliates; resp. tract in humans and oviducts of females
36
Q

Flagella

A

longer and fewer in numbers than cilia

  • also have a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
  • cell motility
  • flagellates
37
Q

Centrioles

A

9+3 arrangement of microtubules - form in pairs at right angles

  • limited to animal cells
  • role in cell division (?)
38
Q

Cell types:

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

39
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles - pro=before/karyo=nucleus

40
Q

Nucleoid

A

genetic information of a prokaryote
- clear region
= bacteria and cyanobaceria (B/G algae)

41
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • contain a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles
    Eu=good
42
Q

Autotrophs

A

Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food from the substances available in their surroundings using light (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis).
Technically, the definition is that autotrophs obtain carbon from inorganic sources like carbon dioxide (CO2)
- self feeders
- either photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
- form base of food chains
= plants, blue/green algae, some bacteria

43
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Heterotrophs cannot synthesize their own food and rely on other organisms — both plants and animals — for nutrition.
heterotrophs get their reduced carbon from other organisms.
- feed on other organisms
- consumers
= amoeba, fungi

44
Q

Kingdom Classification Scheme:

What are the classifications?

A

A. Monera

B. Protista

C. Fungi

D. Plantae

E. Animalia

45
Q

Monera kingdom

A

older system; split into Archea and bacteria (newer)

  1. Prokaryotic
46
Q

Protista kingdom

A
  1. Eukaryotic

2. Unicellular/Simple Multicellular - no tissues formed

47
Q

Fungi kingdom

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Multicellular
  3. Heterotrophs
  4. Cell wall of chitin
48
Q

Plantae kingdom

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Multicellular
  3. Autotrophs
  4. Cell wall of cellulose
49
Q

Animalia kingdom

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Multicellular
  3. Heterotrophs
  4. No cell wall

Biology 115 (23 decks)

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