unit 3 cellular respiration and energy Flashcards
autograph
Hetrograph
makes own food
eats food
What is ATP
adenosine triphosphate stores and releases energy in cells
What is the basic energy source for all cells?
ATP
What is ATP made of
adenine, ribose (5-carbon sugars), and 3 phosphate groups
ADP (adenosine diposphate)
2 phosphate groups
cell can store small amounts of energy by adding phosphate group to make ADP. Used form and can be recharged back into ATP.
How does ATP release energy
by breaking bond holding lost phosphate group together
What is energy from ATP used for?
active transport across cell membrane
protien synthesis
muscle contraction
what do most cells have small amounts of and what are they regenerated by?
most cells have small amount of ATP, but easily regenerated from ADP using energy from food
photosynthesis
process by green plants make high energy carbohydrates and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis equation
6C02 + 6H20 sunlight C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
Jan van Helmot
determined mass of dry soil and seedling then planted seedling and watered regularly. 5 years later gained 75Kg but mass of soil was unchanged and concluded that mass came from water
joseph Priestly
lit a candle and placed glass jar over it and candle went out said that something in the air needed for fire to burn
he put a live mint under the jar for a few days then lit the candle and the candle stayed lit longer
mint produced oxygen for what fire needed to burn
jan ingenhouze
tried priestly’s experiment in the dark showed light is needed to produce oxygen
pigments
plants absorb suns energy with light absorbing molecules
chlorophyl
main pigment in plants
what are the two types of chlorophyl
chlorophyll (a)
chlorophyll (b)
What is light
light is energy so any compound that absorbs light absorbs energy from light
what happens when chlorophyl absorbs light
energy is transformed to electrons in chlorophyl and raises energy (imagine giving a 5 year old redbull)
What do the high energy electrons do?
do the work of photosynthesis
where does photosynthesis take place
chloroplast
what are thylakoids
saclike photosynthetic membranes inside chloroplast
what is granum
a stack of thylakoids
what is grana
more than 1 stack of thylakoids
what are photosystems
small protiens in thylakoid membrane thare are light collecting units of chloroplast
what are electron carriers
when electrons in chlorophyll absorb sunlight, then the electrons gain a great deal of energy
what do light dependent reactions require
light
what do light dependent reactions produce
prodouce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ into energy carriers ADP and NADPH
calvin cycle (light dependent)
uses ADP and NADPH from light reactions to make sugars
what are light dependent reactions
when reaction trap sunlight in chemical way
what are light independent reactions
reactions that use chemical energy to produce stable high energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water
what is the source of raw materials and energy in our body
food
where do both plants and animals carry out final stages of cellular respiration
mitochondria
Cellular respiration formula
6O2 + C6 H12 O6 …. 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
cellular respiration
the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
where do Krebs cycle and electron transport chin happen
mitochondria
what is the net ATP production of glycolysis
2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate acid
what is the energy tally of 1 molecule of glucose including glycolysis
4 NADH
1 FADh2
1 ATP
NADPH
photosynthesis
NADH
cellular respiration
what is fermentation
follows glycolysis when oxygen is not available and NADH passes electrons back to pyruvic acid to regenerate NAD+
what is fermentation arobic or anaerobic why
anaerobic because of no oxygen
alcoholic fermentation
yeast and other organisms use alcoholic fermentation forcing ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste
EQUATION pyruvic acid + NADH …… alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
lactic acid fermentation
regenerate NAD+ by giving electrons from NADH back to pyruvic acid forming lactic acid
Krebs cycle
begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondrion
what is required for final steps of cellular respiration
oxygen
What happens during the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions
What is the difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the process where organisms break down glucose (sugar) using oxygen to produce energy (ATP), water, and carbon dioxide, while photosynthesis is the process where plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create glucose (sugar) and release oxygen;
What happens in the thylakoids?
absorbs energy from the sunlight and is involved in the formation of ATP and NADPH in the light reaction of photosynthesis through electron transport chains
