DNA & RNA

Question 1

Frederick Griffith

Answer 1

-Studied pneumonia
- isolated two different strands of pneumonia from mice and grew them in the lab
-disease Causing strain grew smooth Edges
-harmless Strain grew rough edges.

Question 2

What were Frederick Griffith’s experiments?

Answer 2

Experiment one: mice injected with disease, causing strain, got pneumonia and died

Experiment two: mice treated with harmless strain did not get sick

Experiment three: heated disease, causing bacteria to kill and injected heat kill bacteria into mice and they died

Experiment four: mixed, he kill disease, causing bacteria injected into and they got pneumonia and died

Conclusion: heat killed bacteria passed disease, causing ability to harmless strain in a process called transformation

Question 3

Oswald, Avery

Answer 3

-1944
-Determined which molecules was needed for transformation
- made extract from heat, killed bacteria and treated it with enzymes

Question 4

In Oswald, Avery’s experiment what did the enzymes destroy?

Answer 4

• Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and transformation still occurred
  -Repeated with enzymes that transformation did not occur
  -Conclusion, DNA is responsible for transformation

Question 5

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Answer 5

-1952
-Studied viruses
-Virus that infect bacteria is called bacteriophage and it has DNA and RNA center with DNA coat

Question 6

What was Hershey and Chase’s experiment?

Answer 6

Grew viruses in radioactive isotopes phosphorus -32 (p^32)
And sulfur -35 (s^35)

If s- 35 found in bacteria, then protein was injected

If p-32 was found in bacteria than DNA was injected

Concluded, genetic material of bacteriophage is DNA not protein

Question 7

What is DNA made of?

Answer 7

Nucleotides

Question 8

What are nucleotides consist of?

Answer 8

Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar)
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base

Question 9

What are the four bases of DNA

Answer 9

Adenine
Guanine
Cyostine
Thymine

Question 10

Erwin Charagaff

Answer 10

In 1950 discovered that the percent of guanine (G) is approximately equal to percent of cytosine (C) in any DNA sample

Question 11

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 11

Used x-rays to produce an image of DNA

Question 12

James Watson and Francis crick

Answer 12

-Stole Rosalind Franklin‘s image

• Built a model of DNA explaining how it carried information and how it could be copied

Question 13

What is base pairing?

Answer 13

When hydrogen bonds only formed between certain pairs

Question 14

What varies from one species to another?

Answer 14

Number of chromosomes

Question 15

What is a chromatin?

Answer 15

When DNA is wrapped around a protein called histones

Question 16

What does each strand of DNA have?

Answer 16

Double helix that has all the information needed to make other strands

Question 17

What do you use to build a new DNA strand?

Answer 17

Base pairing

Question 18

Prokaryotes

Answer 18

Replication begins at one point and goes in both directions

Question 19

Eukaryotes

Answer 19

Replication begins at hundreds of locations and goes both ways until complete

Question 20

What is replication fork

Answer 20

Site where separation and replication occur occurs

Question 21

Semi conservative

Answer 21

Each new DNA molecule has one old strand, and one new strand

Question 22

What is the job of DNA polymerase?

Answer 22

Build new strands and proofread

Question 23

What is helicase

Answer 23

Enzyme that unzip DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds between those pairs

Question 24

Transcription

Answer 24

Process of making RNA based on DNA code

Question 25

Translation

Answer 25

Using RNA to make functional protein and happens at ribosome

Question 26

Genes

Answer 26

Coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins and ultimately traits and they decode genetic messages by copying part of code from DNA to RNA

Question 27

What are the three main differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 27

1. Sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose
2. RNA is single stranded.
3. RNA contains your uracil in place of thymine

Question 28

What are the three types of RNA?

Answer 28

Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA

Question 29

Messenger RNA

Answer 29

One messenger of RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into protein
- Created a nucleus based on segment of DNA
- leaves nucleus

Question 30

Ribosome RNA (rRNA)

Answer 30

Structural component of RNA

Question 31

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 31

Carry amino acid to ribosome and match to correct structure in mRNA

Question 32

What is a codon?

Answer 32

Three base groups in mRNA code for specific amino acid

Question 33

Where does transcription start?

Answer 33

Promoter region of DNA

Question 34

Introns

Answer 34

Part of sequence not needed for protein production

Question 35

Exons

Answer 35

Part of code needed to make proteins
-slice together and cap and tail for functional mRNA

Question 36

What is the first codon

Answer 36

AUG

Question 37

Amino acid bind together to form what

Answer 37

Polypeptide; polypeptide folds into protein

Question 38

What are two major types of mutations?

Answer 38

Point mutation
-affects only one nucleotide
Frame shift mutation
- Affects everything after mutation in sequence

Question 39

Silent mutation

Answer 39

Mutation that does not change the amino acid

Question 40

Missense mutation

Answer 40

Point mutation, resulting in a different amino acid than the original sequence

Question 41

What are the types of frameshift mutations?

Answer 41

Insertion mutation
- 1 or more nucleotides added to sequence in any direction

Deletion mutation
- One or more nucleotides are removed from sequence in any location

Question 42

What are causes of mutation?

Answer 42

Over breeding
Chemical damage
Radiation
Nutritional
Mistake in DNA replication
Recombination error