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BIO 12 > Unit 3 - Cell Structure > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Cell Structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the organelles

A
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2
Q

Name the 6 principles of Cell Theory

A
  1. all known living things are made up of cells. 2. the cell is structural & functional unit of all living things. 3. all cells come from pre-existing cells by division. 4. cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. 5. all cells are basically the same in chemical composition. 6. all energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.
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3
Q

What tool allows us to study cells?

A

The microscope

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4
Q

Name the 3 main modern microscopes

A
  1. Light Microcscope 2. Scanning Electron Microscope 3. Transmission Electron Microscope
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5
Q

Light Microscope Properties

A

resolution of 0.2 μm

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6
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope Properties

A

Resolution of 10 nm, produces a 3-D micrograph image

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7
Q

Transmission Microscope Properties

A

Resolution of 0.5 nm, produces a 2-D cut through micrograph

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8
Q

What 4 properties to Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells share?

A
  1. DNA 2. Cell membrane 3. Ribosomes 4. Site of metabolism
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9
Q

What are the differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

A
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10
Q

The ability of a cell to bring in enough nutrients depends on what ratio?

A

The surface area : volume ratio

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11
Q

What 2 regions are cells divided into?

A
  1. Nucleus 2. Cytosplasm
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12
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

Contains the genetic material of the cell, is surrounded by the nuclear membrane

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13
Q

Describe the cytoplasm

A

Contains the organelles and has cytosol (made of water, ions, organic monomers and polymers)

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14
Q

What forms the outer barrier of a cell?

A

The plasma membrane (cell membrane)

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15
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model? What does it say about the plasma membrane?

A

It’s the currently accepted description of the plasma membrane. It states that the cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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16
Q

What are the 5 functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Separates the extracellular fluid from the intracellular fluid 2. Regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell / organelle 3. Communicates (detects chemical signals from other cells, displays antigens) 4. Forms junctions (holds cells together) 5. Anchors proteins
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17
Q

Whats the function of cell junctions?

A

Hold together groups of cells and provide means for cell communication

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of cell junctions?

A

– Desmosomes – Tight junctions – Gap junctions – Plasmodesmata

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19
Q

Desmosomes

A

Strong, flexible attachment EX. Skin, intestine, urinary bladder

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20
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Provide leak proof junctions EX. Urinary bladder, blood vessels

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21
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Form communication channels between cells Ex. Heart muscle cells

22
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Connect the insides of adjacent plant cells

23
Q

What is the nucleus bound by? (Surrounded by, protected by)

A

The nuclear envelope

24
Q

What does the nuclear envelope consist of?

A

A phospholipid bilayer and pores that regulate transport

25
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Controls cell function and genetics (controls production of all proteins)

26
Q

What proteins is DNA associated with and what do they form?

A

Histone proteins, form chromatin

27
Q

What is the nucleolus responsible for?

A

The synthesis of ribosomal DNA

28
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

Ribosomal RNA and protein

29
Q

Free ribosomes are usually found in groups called ______ and produce proteins for _______ use

A

Polysomes, internal

30
Q

Ribosomes attached to the _________ usually make proteins for ________

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum, export

31
Q

What are the sites of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

32
Q

Ribosomes consist of one ____ unit and one _____ unit

A

Small, large.

33
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

A membranous system of tubular canals beginning at the nucleus and branching out into the cytoplasm

34
Q

What are the 2 functions of the E.R?

A
  1. transports chemicals between cells and within cells 2. provides a large surface area for the organization of chemical reactions and synthesis
35
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulums?

A

Rough E.R Smooth E.R

36
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Contains ribosomes Transports and modifies proteins produced by the ribosomes

37
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

No ribosomes Produces lipids and carbohydrates Detoxifies toxins Abundant in cells of the liver, testes, etc.

38
Q

Describe the Golgi Apparatus

A

Consists of membranous sacs stacked like pancakes

39
Q

What are the 4 functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  1. Processes material synthesized by the E.R 2. Packages the material and provides the “address label” 3. Distributes material in sacs called vesicles (some for inside, others for outside the cell) 4. Synthesis and transport of polysaccharides
40
Q

What are vacuoles and vesicles?

A

Organelles which function in the storage and/or transport of substances within the cell

41
Q

What’s the difference between vacuoles and vesicles?

A

Vacuoles are large, vesicles are small

42
Q

What does the central vacuole in plants do?

A

Provides structural support

43
Q

How are vacuoles and vesicles formed?

A

The infolding (pinching off) of a membrane

44
Q

What’s a lysosome?

A

A special type of vesicles formed by the Golgi Apparatus that contain Hydrolytic enzymes

45
Q

What are the 3 functions of lysosomes?

A
  1. Digestion of macromolecules taken in by endocytosis 2. Autodigestion of damaged or worn cell parts 3. “Suicide bag” for the destruction of the entire cell
46
Q

What is the mitochondria and what is it the site for?

A

The power-house of the cell, cellular respiration

47
Q

How many membranes make up the mitochondria?

A

2

48
Q

Describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

The inner membrane contains many folds called Cristae which contain the enzymes necessary for the production of ATP

49
Q

Which 2 organelles contains their own DNA and ribosomes, and are also self-replicating?

A

The Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

50
Q

Where are chloroplasts found

A

Green plants only

51
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

They capture light energy for photosynthesis

BIO 12 (15 decks)

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