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Physiology > Unit 3: Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 3: Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What four components of the cardiovascular system apply to homeostasis of cells?

A

Provides nutrient transport via the GI system, important gas exchange such as oxygen and carbon dioxide via the respiratory system, hormone transport, and works with the skin and muscles to regulate temperature.

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2
Q

Compare the cardiovascular system to a water distribution system.

A

The heart is the pump, the blood vessels are the plumbing, and the blood is the fluid.

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3
Q

What is the average blood volume of a human?

A

5.5 Liters

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4
Q

What are the three components of blood, their proportion (%) and of what do they comprise?

A

The plasma (55-58%) is the lightest, contains plasma proteins, and is part of the extracellular fluid. The Buffy coat is 1% or less, and consists of leukocytes and platelets. The red blood cells, also called erthyrocytes, are bout 42-45% of the blood, and are responsible for oxygen transport.

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5
Q

The heart is a ___ pump

A

Dual

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6
Q

Arteries

A

From the heart to the capillary beds

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7
Q

Veins

A

From the capillary beds to the heart

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8
Q

Are all arteries oxygen rich?

A

No, the pulmonary trunk and arteries are indeed moving away from the heart, but are going toward the lungs to become oxygenated.

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9
Q

In terms of blood flow, every organ system is in ___ with the lungs, and in ____ to each other.

A

series with the lungs, and in parallel with each other

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10
Q

Move from the right atrium —>blood circuit

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk and arteries, arterioles, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary venules, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, Systemic arteries, systemic arterioles, systemic capillaries, systemic venules, systemic veins, vena cava, right atrium again.

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11
Q

Explain how a single capillary is high resistance, but the capillary bed is low resistance

A

One capillary has a very small diameter providing incredible resistance, however many capillaries together are essentially no barrier.

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12
Q

What is one reason it is good that systemic organs are in parallel?

A

If one flow to an organ is blocked, the others are not.

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13
Q

General Hemodynamic Equation

A

Flow = C x P

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14
Q

C in terms of R

A

C = 1/R

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15
Q

Resistance equation

A

R = (8Lnu) / (pi*(r^4))

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16
Q

What is the greatest factor to determining resistance?

A

The radius of the tube

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17
Q

Given two different radii tubes, what will happen to flow rate, given the same change in pressure for the two tubes?

A

The tube with the larger radius will exhibit a much larger increase in flow rate per unit step in pressure.

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18
Q

Epicardium

A

Outermost layer of the actual heart

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19
Q

Pericardium

A

Outermost sac that surround the heart encasing it in pericardial fluid for minimized friction.

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20
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle muscle layer of the heart

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21
Q

Which side of the heart has a tricuspid valve, and which the bicuspid valve?

A

The left side of the heart has a bicuspid, and the right side has the tricuspid valve. Both valves separate the atria and ventricles.

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22
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Prevent force to avoid the AV valves from inverting

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23
Q

Chord tendineae

A

Connect the AV valves to the papillary muscles

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24
Q

Semilunar valves

A

the pulmonic and aortic valves

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25
Q

Heart Muscle Cells [appearance, membrane excitability, nuclei, mitochondria consistency, and electrical continuity]

A

Striated due to sarcomeres, have excitable membranes via T tubules, small, with a single nucleus, 40% mitochondria, intercalated disks, desmosomes, and gap junctions for electrical continuity.

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26
Q

Excitation Sequence

A

SA node excitation, then slow atrial contraction (P Wave) toward the AV node, which delays for 0.1 seconds. Atrial relaxation (Q wave), then traveling down bundle of His (start of R wave) then traveling rapidly through Purkinje fibers to create ventricle contraction (large part of R wave), then S and T waves.

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27
Q

Design/Function: Why are there no valves to gate the entry of venous blood into the atrium?

A

The blood returning from the capillary bed has very little pressure

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28
Q

Design/Function: Why is there no fast conduction in the atria?

A

The slow conduction slowly moves the blood like toothpaste

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29
Q

Design/Function: Why is there fast conduction in the ventricles?

A

Simultaneous activation of muscle creates maximal force.

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30
Q

Design/Function: Why are the ventricles gated by one way valves?

A

The force of the ventricles would cause blood to rush back toward the atria.

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31
Q

Resting relative concentrations of K, Ca, Na, Cl

A

Na,Cl, Ca high outside, K high inside.

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32
Q

Typical Nernst potential for Sodium

A

+65

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33
Q

Typical Nernst potential for Potassium

A

-90

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34
Q

Depolarization in a cardiac muscle cell

A

Starts with action potential that opens Na+ channels, and quickly inactivates. L type Ca2+ channels then open, acting the same way as Na+, however, staying open for “long” time before they too inactivate. At this point, there is brief activation of Potassium channels that re-polarizes the cell to -90.

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35
Q

How long is the refractory period of a cardiac cell, and why?

A

Inactivation of Na+ channels cause a refractory period longer than the length of an action potential.

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36
Q

F type channels

A

Pacemaker: slow to open at HYPERPOLARIZATION (-60mV),close at depolarization. permeable to both Na+ and K+, however, at hyper polarization more to Na+.

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37
Q

F,T,L,K channel working together in Nodal Cells

A

during HYPERPOLARIZATION, the F type channels open and start to depolarize the cell, but close quickly to be picked up by T type calcium channels which bring the potential up towards 0, at which point L type calcium channels above 0, which K+ channels will polarize again toward F type threshold.

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38
Q

T type channels

A

Open on depolarization, -50mV, and relatively quick inactivation compared to L type. Recover from inactivation upon hyper polarization.

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39
Q

Cardiac Ion Channels: In general, Nodal cells have:

A

F,T,L,K

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40
Q

Cardiac Ion Channels: In general, myocytes have :

A

Na,L,K

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41
Q

Cardiac Ion Channels: In general, Fast conducting channels have:

A

all types, FTLKNa

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42
Q

Conduction Velocity

A

rate of increase in voltage in the upstroke of the action potential. Determined by events after threshold: Sodium channels in muscle and purkinje fibers, and L type calcium channels in nodal cells

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43
Q

Conduction Frequency

A

number of action potentials per unit time, Determined by the events before threshold: F-type sodium channels in nodal cells, and the T type Ca2+

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44
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of the SA node to AV node. Atria contract

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45
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization that immediately precedes ventricular contraction

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46
Q

T wave

A

caused by ventricular repolarization

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47
Q

Why is atrial re polarization not clearly seen in the ECG

A

Atrial depolarization is obscured by the QRS complex because ventricular depolarization is much greater.

48
Q

Arrhythmia

A

uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contraction caused by conduction system issue

49
Q

Fibrillation

A

rapid and irregular contraction where SA node is no longer controlling heart rate

50
Q

Is an atrial or ventricular fibrillation more dangerous?

A

Ventricular

51
Q

Pacemakers

A

Issue a timed stimulus to the heart

52
Q

Excitation Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Cells

A

Depolarization leads to opening of L type calcium channels in T tubules, which influx Ca 2+ deep into the cell. Calcium binds to ryanodine on the SR which releases additional stored Ca 2+ from inside the cell. The combined Ca2+ activates troponin etc. like in skeletal muscle.

53
Q

What is true about the refractory period in cardiac muscle cells?

A

The refractory period is nearly as long as the action potential, which means that there is no tetany.

54
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

55
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation

56
Q

Mechanical Events of Heart

A

Please refer to a whiteboard. Too complex.

57
Q

Dicrotic Notch

A

moment when right after ventricles have contracted and released blood into the aorta, the semilunar aortic valve closes. The aorta now has a moment of higher pressure than the ventricle. The blood pushes back against the SL aortic valve and a sound is heart, dicrotic notch.

58
Q

First heart sound

A

AV valves close at ventricular ejection

59
Q

second heart sound

A

Dicrotic Notch, closure of SL valves

60
Q

Lub

A

AV closure

61
Q

Dup

A

Semilunar

62
Q

Whistle

A

Stenotic Valve, roughly opened

63
Q

Gurgle

A

Insufficient valve, not completely closed

64
Q

Resting heart output volume

A

5 L

65
Q

Active heart output volume

A

25 L

66
Q

Cardiac Output =

A

CO = HR x SV

67
Q

Parasympathetic [nerve, NT, receptor]

A

Vagus nerve, acetylcholine, muscarinic

68
Q

Sympathetic [nerve, NT, receptor]

A

Thoracic spinal nerve, norepinephrine, either from nervous or hormone, beta adrenergic receptor

69
Q

Sympathetic Nerves Innervate:

A

atria and ventricles

70
Q

Parasympathetic Nerves Innervate:

A

atria

71
Q

Sympathetic: SA node frequency is affected by what permeability?

A

F-type Na channels

72
Q

Sympathetic: Stroke Volume increased from what permeability?

A

L-type Ca2+ channels

73
Q

Parasympathetic: SA node frequency lowered with what permeabilities?

A

Increased K+ leak channels, decreased F-type Na permeability.

74
Q

What happens to the action potential curve for sympathetic response?

A

slope below the threshold increases due to increased F-type Na permeability. No other changes in waveform.

75
Q

Stroke Volume

A

difference between end diastolic and end systolic volumes

76
Q

Frank Starling Relationship–>Stroke Volume

A

The degree of stroke volume is partially due to the preload from amount of blood pre-stretching the cardiac cells. Muscles able to produce more tension the more initially stretched out they are.

77
Q

How do the sympathetic nerves increase the stroke volume?

A

They lower ESV by increased contraction by increasing Ca 2+ levels.

78
Q

How does the sympathetic system increase Ca 2+ levels?

A

Addition of norepinephrine and epinephrine to beta adrenergic receptor which activates cAMP dependent kinase through adenylyl cyclase protein. Active cAMP-dependent kinase stimulates L type Ca2+ channels, thin filaments, cross bridge cycling, and ryanodine receptors that all provide more contraction.

79
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

EF = SV/EDV

80
Q

What does increased contractility do to the Ejection Fraction?

A

It increases. Your stroke volume approaches the full end diastolic volume available to exude.

81
Q

Veins and Arteries: Which contain more smooth muscle and connective tissue?

A

Arteries

82
Q

Veins and Arteries: Pressure Reservoirs

A

Arteries

83
Q

Veins and Arteries: Volume Reservoirs

A

Veins

84
Q

Compliance Equation

A

Change in volume / change in pressure

85
Q

Elasticity Equation

A

Change in pressure / change in volume

86
Q

MAP

A

Mean Arterial Pressure: Diastolic Pressure + (1/3)*(Systolic-Diastolic Pressure)

87
Q

Veins and Arteries: Which are more compliant?

A

Veins

88
Q

Veins and Arteries: In a compliance graph, which has a steeper slope?

A

Veins

89
Q

Which part of the vasculature controls blood flow rate the most?

A

The arterioles changing their diameter

90
Q

Flow Dependent Organs:

A

No tolerance for decreased blood flow: Brain and heart

91
Q

Conditioning Organs

A

tolerant to lower levels of blood flow: Kidneys, Intestines, Skin

92
Q

Active hyperemia

A

Increased metabolic activity-> causes decreased O2, increased metabolites->Arteriolar Dilation->Increased blood flow

93
Q

Flow autoregulation

A

Decreased arterial pressure in the organ->decreased blood flow->decreased O2, increased metabolites, decreased vessel wall stretch->Arteriolar dilation->restoration of blood

94
Q

Describe the myogenic response as it pertains to Ca2+

A

When pressure decreases in an organ, mechano gated Ca2+ will close more, decreasing Ca2+ available to provide contraction. This dilates the vessel, allowing more blood to come in.

95
Q

List some metabolites that lead to vasodilation

A

Decreased O2 and pH, increased CO2, ECF K+, Adenosine

96
Q

What is the effect of NO on smooth muscle?

A

Nitric Oxide relaxes the muscle, causing dilation.

97
Q

Are alpha or beta2 receptor more common

A

alpha

98
Q

Neural extrinsic control

A

NE is a vasoconstrictor that attaches to alpha receptors, NO is a vasodilator

99
Q

Hormonal extrinsic control

A

Epinephrine is a vasoconstrictor when attaching to alpha receptors, and a vasodilator when attaching to beta 2 receptors.

100
Q

Between the CA, CI, and VM, what is active at rest?

A

CA inactive, CI max, and VM partially activated.

101
Q

What is conserved in a closed system? flow, velocity, or resistance?

A

Flow remains spatially conserved

102
Q

Why is blood velocity through the capillaries slow?

A

The wider the diameter, to conserve flow rate, the slower the velocity must be. Since the capillaries TOGETHER have a very large diameter for flow in relation to the volume they take up, velocity is slow.

103
Q

Capillary Diffusion: Plasma proteins

A

cannot get across capillary wall.

104
Q

Capillary Diffusion: Lipid soluble substances

A

can pass through the endothelial cell walls

105
Q

Capillary Diffusion: Small water soluble substances

A

can pass through small pores, except in the brain where glial cells cover this area with the brain blood barrier.

106
Q

Capillary Diffusion: Exchangeable proteins

A

Moved across membrane by vesicular transport.

107
Q

Filtration vs. Absorption

A

Filtration: Plasma to Interstitial Fluid
Absorption: Interstitial Fluid to Plasma

108
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Direction of fluid flow has to due with pressure difference: “pushing force”

109
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Gradient created for non diffusible molecules, water moves to minimize the gradient between the solutes. For example, in a salty solution, water moves out of a cell to decrease the solute to solvent ratio outside of the cell to be closer to that inside of the cell.

110
Q

List of Starling Forces

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) and Interstitial hydrostatic pressure (Pif), Osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration (pi c) and Osmotic Pressure due to interstitial fluid protein concentration

111
Q

Net Filtration Pressure

A

(Pc-Pif) + (pi if - pi c)

112
Q

Autotransfusion

A

The body’s automatic homeotic response to blood loss–> capillary hydrostatic pressure falls, but this also puts the balance in favor of capillary osmotic pressure that pulls fluid in.

113
Q

Application: Sick patient increasing fluid intake

A

increased fluid intake increases capillary hydrostatic pressure, and lowers the ratio of solutes in blood. These promote filtration, and increased lymph flow to filter out bad stuff.

114
Q

Starvation

A

Decreased blood plasma proteins cause filtration, this can cause fluid to enter cells and enlarge the belly.

115
Q

Edema

A

In case of stroke or heart failure, there in increase in venous pressure as heart is no longer pumping. Increased pressure capillaries, which causes more filtration.

116
Q

5 helpful components for veins to work against gravity:

A

1) Sympathetic nerve firing causing constriction
2) One way valves
3) Skeletal muscle pumps
4) Breathing inspiration
5) High blood volume adds to pressure

117
Q

Lymph System

A

Takes blood from vascular system, filters it and screens for disease, then returns it and helps with venous return

Physiology (10 decks)

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