Unit 2: Exam Studying Flashcards
What are the three types of hormones?
Peptides, Steroids, and Amine Hormones
Of the amine hormones, what are the two types?
Catecholamines, and the Thyroid hormones.
Which of all types and subtypes of hormones are lipophilic?
The thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones
Which of all types and subtypes of hormones are hydrophilic?
The peptide hormones, and the catecholamines.
What three types of hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and anti-diuretic hormone
Sex hormones pathway
Hypothalamus–>GnRH–>FSH and LH–>Gonads–>Estrogen,Testosterone, Progesterone etc.
Growth hormones pathway
Hypothalamus–>GHRH or SST–>GH–>Target Cells or the liver to secrete IGF1
thyroid hormone pathway
TRH–>TSH–>Thyroid secretes T3, and T4
prolactin pathway
dopamine–>prolactin–>milk/breast development
cortisol pathway
CRH–>ACTH–>adrenal cortex
Out of T3 and T4, which is more abundant, and which is more active?
T4 is more abundant, but not active until turned into T3 by deiodinase
HARD: What are six functions of thyroid hormone?
Gene transcription, metabolism/body heat, permissive effects, neural development, growth hormone production, and skin/epithelial regulation
Hypothyroidism [cause, treatment, goiter]
not enough T3 and T4 production, due to insufficient iodine or loss of thyroid producing cells. Treated by iodine supplements or thyroid hormone directly. Goiter produced because smaller levels of T3 and T4 do not negatively feed back on the trophic effects of TSH.
Hyperthyroidism [cause, treatment, goiter]
too much T3 and T4. due to tumors with hormone secreting ability, or autoimmune stimulation of TSH receptors. treated with radio iodide, surgery, or inhibitors. Goiter due to hyper responsiveness to TSH.
HARD : What are six effects of the adrenal medulla in the fight or flight response?
Increased breathing/heart rate/blood pressure, increased blood flow to heart/brain/skeletal muscle, glucose release, adipose release of fatty acids, dilation of blood vessels/airways/pupils, decreased GI and reproductive
HARD: Basal levels of cortisol [4]
Maintain blood pressure, expression of metabolic enzymes, anti-immune/inflammatory functions, fetal development
HARD: Cortisol at stress levels [5]
breaks down molecules for energy, permissive effects on NE vasoconstriction, protection of body tissue from stress induced damage, immunosuppression, inhibits reproductive
Addison’s Disease [cause, and one syndrome]
Adrenal insufficiency : primary low cortisol secretion, usually coupled with low blood pressure
Cushing’s Syndrome
Too much secretion of cortisol
Cushing’s Disease
Tumor in anterior pituitary releasing too much adrenocorticotropic hormone
HARD: Stress alters the secretion of the following hormones to increase [5] and [3] to decrease
increase: aldosterone, vasopressin, growth hormone, glucagon, beta endorphin (with ACTH) decrease: insulin, gonadotropins, sex steroid hormones
HARD: Effects of Growth Hormone [4]
Stimulates protein synthesis, fat breakdown and glucose production, reduces uptake, and stimulates IGF1 induces differentiation
Acromegaly
Elevated GH after the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates because of a tumor in anterior pituitary
Gigantism
elevated GH secretion before closure of epiphyseal growth plates. tumor in anterior pituitary
Short stature
insufficiency or hypo responsiveness to growth hormone
What does cortisol do to growth hormone?
suspends it
HARD: Catabolism [4]
breaking down molecules to release energy
glycogenolysis: glycogen is broken down to glucose
lipolysis: triglycerides broken down to glycerol and fatty acids
proteolysis: proteins broken down into amino acids
gluconeogenesis: amino acids and lactic acid and glycerol is converted back into glucose
HARD: Anabolism [3]
Glycogenesis: glucose is stored as glycogen
Lipogenesis: fatty acids and glycerol are stored as triglycerides
Protein synthesis: amino acids are stored as proteins
Types of cells in the Pancreas
Alpha-glucagon, Beta - insulin, Gamma - Somatostatin
Action of insulin on target cells
up regulation of glucose transporters
Type I Diabetes
Autoimmune attack of beta cells, inability to produce insulin.
Type II Diabetes
High levels of glucose in the bloodstream cause over time insensitivity to insulin.
HARD: Gametogenesis: Males
Spermatogonia undergo mitotic differentiation to become a primary spermatocyte. After one meiotic division, you get a secondary spermatocyte, then another meiotic division to achieve a spermatid. Spermatids undergo continue differentiation to produce mature spermatozoa.
HARD: Gametogenesis: Females
Oogonia undergo mitotic differentiation to become a primary oocyte. The primary oocyte undergoes one round of meiotic division to become a secondary oocyte, but is then in meiotic arrest until fertilization where it can finally become a mature ovum.
Hypogonadism
insufficient testosterone
Kleinfelter Syndrome
XXY - decreased masculinity, increased estrogen
Anabolic Steroid Use
Synthetic Androgens–>decreased testosterone naturally, testosterone inhibits estrogen, therefore there is more estrogen around with less testosterone
Hormonal Changes During Pregnancies
human chorionic gonadotropin increases during fertilization which tells the corpus luteum to stick around and produce estrogen and progesterone in combination, which inhibits FSH and LH, stopping another cycle.
D-Tubocurarine (curare)
Ach antagonist. Binds to the receptor, but does not cause opening of Na+ channels. No depolarization in muscle. Can cause death by lack of contraction of the lungs (asphyxiation)
Organophosphates/ “Nerve Gas”
Prevents the action of acetylcholinesterase, which cannot degrade Ach, therefore keeping channels open. inactivation and desensitization of Na+ channels cause paralysis.
Succinylcholine
Agonist, produces a depolarizing block similar to nerve gas. Used during surgery
Botox
Prevents the release of Ach vesicles from the presynaptic by degrading SNARES that would otherwise help to fuse the vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.
Relationship between sarcolemma, T tubules, terminal cistern, DHP receptors, ryanodine, and Ca2+
During an action potential, signal propagates from sarcolemma down the T tubules, to the DHP receptor, which acts as a voltage sensor. The DHP tugs on the ryanodine receptor, opening it so that Ca2+ can flow into the cytosol and work with troponin.
Slow Oxidative {SO} Type I Fibers: [Primary ATP Source,Mitochondria,Rate of fatigue,contraction velocity,fiber diameter]
Oxidative phosphorylation,many mitos , slow rate of fatigue,slow velocity,small fiber diameter
Fast-Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers {FOG} Type IIa: [Primary ATP Source,Mitochondria,Rate of fatigue,contraction velocity,fiber diameter]
Oxidative phosphorylation, many mitos, intermediate rate of fatigue,fast contraction velocity,large fiber diameter
Fast-Glycolytic-Fibers {FG} Type IIb: [Primary ATP Source,Mitochondria,Rate of fatigue,contraction velocity,fiber diameter]
Glycolysis,few mitos, fast rate of fatigue, fast contraction velocity, large fiber diameter
High Level Neuromuscular Control
Sensorimotor Cortex, memory, emotions, motivation
Intermediate Level Neuromuscular Control
Sensorimotor Cortex, Basal Nuclei, Thalamus, Brainstem, Cerebellum
Local Level Neuromuscular Control
Brainstem and spinal cord interneurons, receptors, muscle fibers
Muscle Spindles: Muscle Stretch
both intra and extrafusal fibers stretching and sending action potentials
Muscle Spindles: Muscle Contraction
Both intra and extrafusal fibers compressing and sending action potentials
Alpha Gamma coactivation
When there is no muscle change, gamma signals on the intrafusal fibers cause tension to remain so that spindle doesn’t go slack and stop signaling.
Female Hormonal Important days [just the days]
1,7,14,25,28
Female Hormonal Important days[occurences]
1-7 follicles develop, 7-14 dominant follicle, 14-ovulation, 14-25 corpus luteum, 25-28 corpus degenerates
Six levels of follicular stages
primordial follicle, primary oocyte, prenantral follicle, Early antral follicle, mature follicle, ovulation
