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Physiology > Unit 2: Muscle > Flashcards

Unit 2: Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What are two major functions of the Muscular System?

A

Facilitates movement, metabolic reservoir (glycogen), and body support/protection (abs)

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2
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth

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3
Q

Which types of muscle are considered striated?

A

Skeletal and Cardiac muscle are considered striated.

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4
Q

Shape of skeletal muscle

A

Long, cylindrical

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5
Q

Shape of cardiac muscle

A

Branched

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6
Q

Shape of smooth muscle

A

Spindles, non striated.

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7
Q

Tendons

A

collagen fibers that attach muscle to bone

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8
Q

What are the levels of muscle anatomy?

A

Muscle,muscle fiber, myofibril,sarcomere

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9
Q

What level of muscle anatomy is considered a muscle cell?

A

The muscle fiber level

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10
Q

How are muscles created?

A

Myoblasts grow and fuse together, multiple nuclei, do not undergo mitosis

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11
Q

Describe the process of hypertrophy

A

During exercise, the muscles swell, proteins are created, and the muscle tears. Satellite cells come in and help with regrowth and fusion with the help of hormones.

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12
Q

A Band

A

Overlap with actin and myosin

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13
Q

I Band

A

No overlap with actin and myosin

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14
Q

Z line

A

Connection of actins

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15
Q

H zone

A

just myosin

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16
Q

Titin

A

elastic fibers associated with myosin moving from z line to myosin

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17
Q

Two major components of actin

A

Troponin, and tropomyosin

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18
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Blocks myosin at rest to prevent contraction

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19
Q

Troponin

A

Binds to calcium to move tropomyosin

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20
Q

Contraction

A

binding of myosin to actin

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21
Q

T tubules

A

communicating depolarization at the membrane to all fibrils

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22
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

A

membrane tunnels that encase myofibrils, can send calcium to the muscles

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23
Q

What is the geometric ratio of thick/thin filaments?

A

6 thin filaments surround 1 thick filament. 3 thick filaments surround one thin filament

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24
Q

Terminal Cisternae

A

The ends of the SR encompassed near the T tubules

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25
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The name of muscle cell membrane

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26
Q

Motor End plate

A

The place where the neuron interacts with the sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane)

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27
Q

Junctional folds

A

At the neuromuscular junction, where there exist folds for increased surface area.

28
Q

What type of transmitter and receptor is used at neuromuscular junctions?

A

Acetylcholine is used at nicotinic receptors.

29
Q

What is important about the end result of acetylcholine at a neuromuscular junction?

A

It must be degraded by acetylcholinesterase so that the Na+ channels can close.

30
Q

What is a local depolarization of the motor end plate called?

A

An EPP (end plate potential)

31
Q

What is a difference between an EPSP and an EPP?

A

An EPP is much larger due to increase surface area from the junctional folds. This means that usually only one action potential is needed for the postsynaptic cell to create its action potential.

32
Q

Neuromuscular IPSPs

A

do not exist.

33
Q

D-Tubocurarine (curare)

A

Ach antagonist. Binds to the receptor, but does not cause opening of Na+ channels. No depolarization in muscle. Can cause death by lack of contraction of the lungs (asphyxiation)

34
Q

Organophosphates/ “Nerve Gas”

A

Prevents the action of acetylcholinesterase, which cannot degrade Ach, therefore keeping channels open. inactivation and desensitization of Na+ channels cause paralysis.

35
Q

Succinylcholine

A

Agonist, produces a depolarizing block similar to nerve gas. Used during surgery

36
Q

Botox

A

Prevents the release of Ach vesicles from the presynaptic by degrading SNARES that would otherwise help to fuse the vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.

37
Q

Latent period

A

The time between the action potential, and the muscle contraction reaction.

38
Q

Relationship between Ca2+, tropomyosin, troponin, and the myosin head

A

In the presence of high amounts of Ca2+, the troponin moves the tropomyosin away from the binding site so that myosin can bind.

39
Q

Relationship between sarcolemma, T tubules, terminal cistern, DHP receptors, ryanodine, and Ca2+

A

During an action potential, signal propagates from sarcolemma down the T tubules, to the DHP receptor, which acts as a voltage sensor. The DHP tugs on the ryanodine receptor, opening it so that Ca2+ can flow into the cytosol and work with troponin.

40
Q

ATP is required for what part of Ca2+ movement?

A

ATP is required for reuptake of Ca2+ after it has attached to troponin.

41
Q

Cross Bridge Cycle: Step 1

A

Elevated Ca2+ causes combination of ADPxPxAxM

42
Q

Cross Bridge Cycle: Step 2

A

Power Stroke and release of ADPxP from AxM

43
Q

Cross Bridge Cycle: Step 3

A

New ATP is added to break Myosin from Actin, however, ATP IS NOT BROKEN HERE AS ENERGY but is rather an allosteric modulator.

44
Q

Allosteric Modulator

A

When the addition of a charge on one part of a protein causes a conformational change

45
Q

Cross Bridge Cycle: Step 4

A

ATP is hydrolyzed into ADPxP and attaches to myosin, again energizing it.

46
Q

Contraction time

A

Time from action potential to peak tension

47
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

Same length, different load

48
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

Same load, different length

49
Q

Different types of Isotonic contraction

A

Eccentric and Concentric

50
Q

Which type of twitch has a greater latent period?

A

Isotonic

51
Q

What does contraction time depend on?

A

Ca2+ and rate of ATPase

52
Q

Light Load [shortening velocity,peak shortening, rate of re-lengthening]

A

fast shortening, and a large peak shortening, slow rate of re-lengthening.

53
Q

Heavy Load [shortening velocity, peak shortening, rate of re-lengthening]

A

slow shortening, and a small peak shortening, fast rate of re-lengthening.

54
Q

Sources of Energy Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle

A

ATP is produced from Creatine phosphate, from Glycolysis, and from Oxidative phosphorylation.

55
Q

What are some possible causes of fatigue?

A

Slow Ca2+ handling, desensitivity to Ca2+, inhibited cross bridge cycles

56
Q

Slow Oxidative {SO} Type I Fibers: [Primary ATP Source,Mitochondria,Rate of fatigue,contraction velocity,fiber diameter]

A

Oxidative phosphorylation,many mitos , slow rate of fatigue,slow velocity,small fiber diameter

57
Q

Fast-Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers {FOG} Type IIa: [Primary ATP Source,Mitochondria,Rate of fatigue,contraction velocity,fiber diameter]

A

Oxidative phosphorylation, many mitos, intermediate rate of fatigue,fast contraction velocity,large fiber diameter

58
Q

Fast-Glycolytic-Fibers {FG} Type IIb: [Primary ATP Source,Mitochondria,Rate of fatigue,contraction velocity,fiber diameter]

A

Glycolysis,few mitos, fast rate of fatigue, fast contraction velocity, large fiber diameter

59
Q

During endurance training:

A

Increased mitochondria, increased blood circulation, increased FOGs, decreased FG, mildly decreased muscle fiber diameter

60
Q

During strength training:

A

Increase in FG fibers, hypertrophy, fast fatigue, improved recruitment

61
Q

Hormones involved in whole muscle growth [for and against]

A

IGF1 and Androgens promote, myostatin inhibits.

62
Q

Muscle soreness is most likely due to extensive ____ contractions

A

eccentric

63
Q

Smooth muscle structure

A

diagonal junctions with dense bodies

64
Q

Differences of smooth muscle from skeletal muscle

A

smaller, 1 nucleus per cell, autonomic, multiple optimal lengths, Ca2+ from SR and extracellular, no troponin

65
Q

Latch State

A

prolonged contraction of smooth muscle due to slow or stopped cross bridge cycling, e.g: sphincter

66
Q

Smooth muscle signaling pathway

A

Cytosolic Ca2+ goes up, activates calmodulin, which activates myosin light chain kinases to phosphorylate myosin cross bridges towards actin filaments with the help of ATP.

67
Q

[true/false] signals received by smooth muscle can only be excitatory, like skeletal muscle.

A

false

Physiology (10 decks)

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