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PE > Unit 3 AOS 2 SAC 1a > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS 2 SAC 1a Flashcards

1
Q

Oxygen uptake (VO2) Denfition

A

volume of O2 able to be taken up, transported and used by the body for energyproduction

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2
Q

Maximum Oxygen Uptake (VO2 max)

A

The maximum volume of O2 able to be taken up by, transported to and used by the body for energy production

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3
Q

Oxygen deficit

A

Oxygen demand exceeds oxygen supply

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4
Q

Steady state

A

oxygen supply equals oxygen demand

energy contribution from aerobic systems

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5
Q

why does steady state occur?

A

metabolic by-products are being broken down that same rate they are being made therefore they do not accumulate

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6
Q

what does EPOC stand for?

A

Excess post exercise oxygen consumption

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7
Q

EPOC definition

A

the period after exercise stops when heart rate remains above resting levels

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8
Q

Why does EPOC occur?

A

Oxygen consumption does not immediately return to resting levels

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9
Q

What physiological changes occur during the rapid portion of EPOC?

A
  • ATP resynthesis
  • CP resynthesis
  • restoring of oxygen levels
    on myoglobin (the
    proteins in the muscle)
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10
Q

When is the rapid portion of EPOC?

A

imediately after exercise
0 to 3 - 5 minutes

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11
Q

When is the slow portion of EPOC?

A

following rapid portion to resting levels (30 mins+)

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12
Q

What is the purpose of EPOC?

A

To return the body to pre-exercise conditions

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13
Q

What are physiological processes that occur during EPOC?

A

Any changes that occur listed in the slow portion or rapid portion of EPOC

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14
Q

What physiological changes occur in the slow portion of EPOC?

A
  • oxidation of hydrogen
    ions (H+ ion)
  • return to core body
    temerpature
  • restore heart rate and
    ventilation rate to pre-
    exerise levels
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15
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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16
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A

To power all of the cells metabolic activities

(in the case of muscle cells it allows them to contract)

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17
Q

What is ATP resynthesis?

A
  • it starts off with ATP where adenosine is bonded with three phospahte molecules
  • one phosphate breaks away (breaking the chemical bond) creating energy
  • now whats left is adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi)
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18
Q

what can the process of ATP resynthesis look like?

A

ATP ←→ ADP + Pi + energy

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19
Q

How much ATP does the body store?

A

Just enough to power 1-2 seconds of maximal exercise

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20
Q

What is creatine phosphate? And what happens when bonds break?

A

chemical compound that is stored minimally in the body

when the bond breakes between creatine and phosphate, energy is released that allows ATP to be resynthesised from ADP and Pi

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21
Q

Where is Creatine phosphate stored?

A

In the muscles

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22
Q

examples of events that would need the chemical fuel creatine phophate

A
  • 100m sprint
  • 50m swim
  • a shotput throw
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23
Q

Carbohydrates
(example, converted to (the the blood), stored as, stored where)and where does excess carbs go

A
  1. potatoes, white bread, pasta
  2. glucose
  3. glycogen
  4. muscles and liver

+++excess carbs can be stores as fat within adipose tissue around the body+++

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24
Q

Carbohydrates as an energy source

A
  • can provide the energy to resynthesis ATP under anaerobic and aerobic conditions (for high intensity, short duration events or for submaximal, longer duration events)
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25
Q

Fats
(example, converted to (in blood), stored as, stored where)

A
  1. avacado
  2. free fatty acids
  3. tryglycerides
  4. in adapose tissue around the body
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26
Q

events that you would use fat food fuel

A

ultra marathon

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27
Q

Fats as an energy source

A
  • primarily used at rest and submaximal exercises
  • as intensity increases, fat use decreases as fats are more difficult to break down and therefore their rate of energy release is to slow during high intensities
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28
Q

protein
(example, converted to (in blood), stored as, stored where)

A
  1. meat, fish, chicken
  2. amino acids
  3. amino acids
  4. various sites around the body
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29
Q

protein as an energy source

A
  • under normal circumstances, protein only contributes to minimal energy for ATP resynthesis
  • in extreme cirvulstances (eg stavation) when the body is depleted in in its supplies of fats and carbs, protein can be used to resynthesise ATP resynthesis
30
Q

What is ATP Demand?

A

how much ATP is required during an activity and the rate at which it is expended, and therefore needs to be resynthesised.

31
Q

Rate - what is it?

A

refers to how quickly ATP is resynthesised

32
Q

Yield - what is it?

A

total amount of ATP that is resynthesised during an exercise bout.

33
Q

Trend between rate and yield

A

As rate of ATP resynthesis increases, the yield decreases.

34
Q

ATP-CP system characteristics(Fuel Source, event Intensity, Duration when system is dominant, Peak Power, ATP yield, rate of ATP resynthesis, By products, total activity duration, event examples)

A
  1. Fuel Source:
    creatine phophate
  2. Event Intensity:
    maximum (95% Max HR+)
  3. Duration when system is
    dominant:
    10+ seconds
  4. Peak Power:
    2-4 seconds
  5. ATP yield:
    smallest
  6. rate of ATP resynthesis: fastest
  7. By products:
    Pi (inoand ADP
  8. total activity duration:
    0 to 10 secs
  9. event examples:
    100m sprint
    shotput
35
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

Fuel source, event intensity, duration when system is dominant, peak power, ATP yield, rate of ATP resynthesis, by-products, total activity duration, event examples

A
  1. Fuel Source:
    Glycogen
  2. Event Intensity:
    High (85-95% Max HR)
  3. Duration when system is
    dominant:
    10-60 seconds
  4. Peak Power:
    5-15 sec
  5. ATP yeild:
    small
  6. rate of ATP resynthesis:
    fast but ont the fastest
  7. By products:
    Lactate and H+ ions
  8. total activity duration:
    10-60 sec+
  9. event examples:
    400m sprint
    100m pool
    tellis rally
36
Q

The aerobic sytem

fuel source, event intensity, duration when system is dominant, peak power, atp yield, rate of ATP resynthesis, by-products, event examples

A
  1. Fuel Source:
    Glycogen and triglycerides
  2. Event Intensity:
    submaximal ( 70-85% MHR)
    resting/low intensity exercise (< 70% MHR)
  3. Duration when system is
    dominant:
    60+ secs
  4. Peak Power:
    1-2 mins
  5. ATP yield:
    large
  6. rate of ATP resynthesis:
    slow
  7. By products:
    CO2, H2O, heat
  8. total activity duration:
    60 + secs
  9. event examples:
    800m+ race
    200m pool
    marathon
    Tur de France
37
Q

Answering an acute responses question….

A

I - identify:
body system and acute response

D - define

P - Performance:
link to context (always to ATP production

DEEP?

38
Q

Words to use for interplay questions

A
  • increased/ decreased contribution
  • major contributor
  • most relied upon
39
Q

Acute Respitory response (diffusion)

A

↑

the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Link to sport:
- allows more blood and therefore more oxygen to flow to working muscles
- remove carbon dioxide out of venous blood

40
Q

Acute Respitory response (ventilation)

A

increases

def:
the amount of air inspired/expired per minute

Link to performance:
- as exercise intensity increases, so does ventilation (as more air is being inspired or expired per minute)

  • at submax and max it increases
  • Asintensity increases, tidal volume will plataeu therefore anyfurther increase to ventilation is due to respiritory rate
  • after this point, ventilation increases non-linearly
41
Q

Acute Respitory (rr)

A

increases - submax and max it increases
as exercise intensity increases, so does respiratory rate until oxygen demand is met or when intensity approaches a maximal effort

def:
breaths per minute

Link to peroformace:
to INCREASE THE VOLUME of oxygen

42
Q

Acute Respitory (tv)

A

increases then plateaues (has a finite capacity)

Def:
amount of air breathed in or out per breathe

Link to peroformace:
to INCREASE THE VOLUME of oxygen

43
Q

What are the 4 acute respotatory resonses?

A
  • diffusion
  • Tidal volume
  • respiritory rate
  • ventilation
44
Q

What are the 8 cardiovascular responses?

A
  1. redistribution of blood flow
  2. blood volume
  3. Arteriovenous oxygen differnece (a-v)2 diff)
  4. HR
  5. SV
  6. Q
  7. blood pressure
  8. venous return
45
Q

Acute Muscular Response (redistribution of blood flow)

A

Increases

def:
the redistribution of blood away from areas that do not need it and to areas the do

link to context:
- vasocontriction
- vasodilation (happen simultaneously)
- to increase amount of bloof and oxygen going to areas that need it during exercise (such as muscles)

46
Q

Acute Muscular Response (blood volume)

A

decreases

Def:
the amount of volume of blood

Link to performance:
- decreases due to plasma exiting blood and skin through sweating

47
Q

Acute Muscular Response (a-vO2 diff)

A

Increases

Def:
difference of oxygen concentration in the arterioles compared to the venules

Link to performance:
- increases the amount of oxygen that is extracted by the working muscles for energy production
- allows you to work more aerobically for longer

48
Q

Acute cardiovascular Response (HR)

A

increases

Def:
amount of beats per minute

link to performance:
- sub max and max it increases
- as exercise intensity increase, so does heart rate
increase linearly
- more blood and oxygen can be delivered to working muscles

49
Q

Acute Cardiovascular Response (SV)

A

increases and then plataeus

def:
amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat

Link to scenario:
- as exercise intensity increases, sv increases until 65% of V02 max is met, then plateaus

50
Q

Acute Muscular Response (Q)

A

Increases

Def:
amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute

Link to scenario:
as exercise intensity increases, cardiac output increases

51
Q

Acute Muscular Response (blood pressure)

A

increases - systolic
remains the same- diastolic

Def:
the pressure on the arterioles when the ventricles contract (systolic) and relax (diastolic)

Link to sport:
more blood is being pumped out per beat and therefore causing an increase in pressure

52
Q

Acute Muscular Response (venous return)

A

increases

Def:
the return of blood back to the heart

the three pumps:
- muscle pump (muscle contraction)
- respiratory pump (the diaphragm creating pressure on the abdominals (the veins in the abdomen and the thorax)
- venoconstriction (the constriction of veins)

Link to sport:
as exercise intensity increases, there is more blood that is being pumped around the body and therefore more blood is returning back to the heart at a faster rate

53
Q

What are the 6 muscular acute responses?

A
  1. motor unit recruitment
  2. energy subtrates (fuels)
  3. lactate (metabolic by-product)
  4. body temperature
  5. enzyme activity
  6. blood flow
54
Q

What is an acute response?

A

An immediate change during a bout of exercise

55
Q

Acute Muscular Response (motor unit recruitment)

A

increases

def:
a motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it stimulates

Link to scenario:
- as exercise occurs, the amount of force the working muscles produce can increase
the brain can increase the frequency messages being sent to the motor units
- if motor unit receives an impulse, all muslce fibres will contract increasing strength and power of contraction

56
Q

Acute Muscular Response (energy subrates - fuels)

A

decreases

def:
the chemicals that resynthesise ATP

Link to scenario:
- once ATP had been used up, the chemicals that are used to resynthesise ATP are used, therefore, there is a decrease in these fuels

57
Q

Acute Muscular Response (lactate - matabolic by-product)

A

increases

def:
lactate is a by product of of the system anaerobic glycolysis

link to scenario:
- lactate increasing in periods of oxygen deficit
- h+ and pi increase
++fatigue is not caused by lactate however, when lactate increases, so does the hydrogen ion which increases fatigue++

58
Q

Acute Muscular Response (body temperature)

A

increases

def:
a charge in the internal temperature the body

Link to scenario:
- heat is a by product of chemical energy being converted into mechanical energy
- increase in the blood flow to the skin which helps regulate body heat and temperature through heat exchange with environment
vasoconstriction and vasodilation

59
Q

Acute Muscular Response (enzyme activity)

A

increases

def:
enzyme activity increases as more ATP is required by the muscles
enzymes play a vital role in creating energy via the three energy systems

Link to scenario:
oxidative enzyme - speeds up the rate at which oxygen can be used to create ATP aerobically

glycolytic enzyme - speeds up the rate at which glycogen is converted into ATP

the more ATP resynthesis that occurs, the more energy the muscles have to produce movement

60
Q

Acute Muscular Response (blood flow)

A

increases

def:
the flow of blood around the body

link to scenario:
- caused by dilation of blood vessels to the working muscles
- allows more blood to flow to the working muscles
- allows for greater amounts of oxygen to be diffused into the muscle

61
Q

Outline

A
  • Indicate the main feature of a topic.
  • A full sentence must be used to unpack a piece of recalled information.
62
Q

Justify

A
  • Provide evidence (data were applicable) to support a given view point.
  • Often the view point will be worth 1 mark, the justification will then be 2+ marks
63
Q

Analyse

A

Link theoretical principle with given data.

64
Q

discuss

A

, ‘discuss’ is where you will look at a factor or key concept from all angles and present your knowledge of this.

65
Q

Critique

A
  • Make judgments on given material that show your understanding (positives, negatives and improvement to the negative).
    Often are associated with the word effectiveness in questions.
    You would need to make a comment on the overall effectiveness.
    It is effective (if meeting all criteria and fairly positive).
    It is not effective (if not meeting criteria and mostly negative).
    It is somewhat effective (very close to meeting all criteria).
66
Q

Compare

A

sim and diff

67
Q

evaluate

A

positive, negative and decide overall on the effectiveness.
A similar skill to critiquing.
Generally evaluating based on a criteria e.g the FITT principles. Is the relevant principle met in the program? Then evaluate the overall effectiveness by making a statement.

positives, negatives and opinion

68
Q

Factors influencing oxygen uptake

A

Genetics
Age
Gender

69
Q

Absolute VO2

A

Volume of oxygen being consumed by muscles per minute

70
Q

Relative V02

A

Volume of oxygen being consumed by muscles per minute taking into account body weight 

71
Q

Definition of interplay

A

The three energy systems working togethrt to produce the energy required for the activity being undertaken

PE (19 decks)

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