Unit 3 AOS 2 SAC 1a Flashcards
Oxygen uptake (VO2) Denfition
volume of O2 able to be taken up, transported and used by the body for energyproduction
Maximum Oxygen Uptake (VO2 max)
The maximum volume of O2 able to be taken up by, transported to and used by the body for energy production
Oxygen deficit
Oxygen demand exceeds oxygen supply
Steady state
oxygen supply equals oxygen demand
energy contribution from aerobic systems
why does steady state occur?
metabolic by-products are being broken down that same rate they are being made therefore they do not accumulate
what does EPOC stand for?
Excess post exercise oxygen consumption
EPOC definition
the period after exercise stops when heart rate remains above resting levels
Why does EPOC occur?
Oxygen consumption does not immediately return to resting levels
What physiological changes occur during the rapid portion of EPOC?
- ATP resynthesis
- CP resynthesis
- restoring of oxygen levels
on myoglobin (the
proteins in the muscle)
When is the rapid portion of EPOC?
imediately after exercise
0 to 3 - 5 minutes
When is the slow portion of EPOC?
following rapid portion to resting levels (30 mins+)
What is the purpose of EPOC?
To return the body to pre-exercise conditions
What are physiological processes that occur during EPOC?
Any changes that occur listed in the slow portion or rapid portion of EPOC
What physiological changes occur in the slow portion of EPOC?
- oxidation of hydrogen
ions (H+ ion) - return to core body
temerpature - restore heart rate and
ventilation rate to pre-
exerise levels
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
What is the role of ATP?
To power all of the cells metabolic activities
(in the case of muscle cells it allows them to contract)
What is ATP resynthesis?
- it starts off with ATP where adenosine is bonded with three phospahte molecules
- one phosphate breaks away (breaking the chemical bond) creating energy
- now whats left is adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi)
what can the process of ATP resynthesis look like?
ATP ←→ ADP + Pi + energy
How much ATP does the body store?
Just enough to power 1-2 seconds of maximal exercise
What is creatine phosphate? And what happens when bonds break?
chemical compound that is stored minimally in the body
when the bond breakes between creatine and phosphate, energy is released that allows ATP to be resynthesised from ADP and Pi
Where is Creatine phosphate stored?
In the muscles
examples of events that would need the chemical fuel creatine phophate
- 100m sprint
- 50m swim
- a shotput throw
Carbohydrates
(example, converted to (the the blood), stored as, stored where)and where does excess carbs go
- potatoes, white bread, pasta
- glucose
- glycogen
- muscles and liver
+++excess carbs can be stores as fat within adipose tissue around the body+++
Carbohydrates as an energy source
- can provide the energy to resynthesis ATP under anaerobic and aerobic conditions (for high intensity, short duration events or for submaximal, longer duration events)
Fats
(example, converted to (in blood), stored as, stored where)
- avacado
- free fatty acids
- tryglycerides
- in adapose tissue around the body
events that you would use fat food fuel
ultra marathon
Fats as an energy source
- primarily used at rest and submaximal exercises
- as intensity increases, fat use decreases as fats are more difficult to break down and therefore their rate of energy release is to slow during high intensities
protein
(example, converted to (in blood), stored as, stored where)
- meat, fish, chicken
- amino acids
- amino acids
- various sites around the body
protein as an energy source
- under normal circumstances, protein only contributes to minimal energy for ATP resynthesis
- in extreme cirvulstances (eg stavation) when the body is depleted in in its supplies of fats and carbs, protein can be used to resynthesise ATP resynthesis
What is ATP Demand?
how much ATP is required during an activity and the rate at which it is expended, and therefore needs to be resynthesised.
Rate - what is it?
refers to how quickly ATP is resynthesised
Yield - what is it?
total amount of ATP that is resynthesised during an exercise bout.
Trend between rate and yield
As rate of ATP resynthesis increases, the yield decreases.
ATP-CP system characteristics(Fuel Source, event Intensity, Duration when system is dominant, Peak Power, ATP yield, rate of ATP resynthesis, By products, total activity duration, event examples)
- Fuel Source:
creatine phophate - Event Intensity:
maximum (95% Max HR+) - Duration when system is
dominant:
10+ seconds - Peak Power:
2-4 seconds - ATP yield:
smallest - rate of ATP resynthesis: fastest
- By products:
Pi (inoand ADP - total activity duration:
0 to 10 secs - event examples:
100m sprint
shotput
Anaerobic glycolysis
Fuel source, event intensity, duration when system is dominant, peak power, ATP yield, rate of ATP resynthesis, by-products, total activity duration, event examples
- Fuel Source:
Glycogen - Event Intensity:
High (85-95% Max HR) - Duration when system is
dominant:
10-60 seconds - Peak Power:
5-15 sec - ATP yeild:
small - rate of ATP resynthesis:
fast but ont the fastest - By products:
Lactate and H+ ions - total activity duration:
10-60 sec+ - event examples:
400m sprint
100m pool
tellis rally
The aerobic sytem
fuel source, event intensity, duration when system is dominant, peak power, atp yield, rate of ATP resynthesis, by-products, event examples
- Fuel Source:
Glycogen and triglycerides - Event Intensity:
submaximal ( 70-85% MHR)
resting/low intensity exercise (< 70% MHR) - Duration when system is
dominant:
60+ secs - Peak Power:
1-2 mins - ATP yield:
large - rate of ATP resynthesis:
slow - By products:
CO2, H2O, heat - total activity duration:
60 + secs - event examples:
800m+ race
200m pool
marathon
Tur de France
Answering an acute responses question….
I - identify:
body system and acute response
D - define
P - Performance:
link to context (always to ATP production
DEEP?
Words to use for interplay questions
- increased/ decreased contribution
- major contributor
- most relied upon
Acute Respitory response (diffusion)
↑
the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Link to sport:
- allows more blood and therefore more oxygen to flow to working muscles
- remove carbon dioxide out of venous blood
Acute Respitory response (ventilation)
increases
def:
the amount of air inspired/expired per minute
Link to performance:
- as exercise intensity increases, so does ventilation (as more air is being inspired or expired per minute)
- at submax and max it increases
- Asintensity increases, tidal volume will plataeu therefore anyfurther increase to ventilation is due to respiritory rate
- after this point, ventilation increases non-linearly
Acute Respitory (rr)
increases - submax and max it increases
as exercise intensity increases, so does respiratory rate until oxygen demand is met or when intensity approaches a maximal effort
def:
breaths per minute
Link to peroformace:
to INCREASE THE VOLUME of oxygen
Acute Respitory (tv)
increases then plateaues (has a finite capacity)
Def:
amount of air breathed in or out per breathe
Link to peroformace:
to INCREASE THE VOLUME of oxygen
What are the 4 acute respotatory resonses?
- diffusion
- Tidal volume
- respiritory rate
- ventilation
What are the 8 cardiovascular responses?
- redistribution of blood flow
- blood volume
- Arteriovenous oxygen differnece (a-v)2 diff)
- HR
- SV
- Q
- blood pressure
- venous return
Acute Muscular Response (redistribution of blood flow)
Increases
def:
the redistribution of blood away from areas that do not need it and to areas the do
link to context:
- vasocontriction
- vasodilation (happen simultaneously)
- to increase amount of bloof and oxygen going to areas that need it during exercise (such as muscles)
Acute Muscular Response (blood volume)
decreases
Def:
the amount of volume of blood
Link to performance:
- decreases due to plasma exiting blood and skin through sweating
Acute Muscular Response (a-vO2 diff)
Increases
Def:
difference of oxygen concentration in the arterioles compared to the venules
Link to performance:
- increases the amount of oxygen that is extracted by the working muscles for energy production
- allows you to work more aerobically for longer
Acute cardiovascular Response (HR)
increases
Def:
amount of beats per minute
link to performance:
- sub max and max it increases
- as exercise intensity increase, so does heart rate
increase linearly
- more blood and oxygen can be delivered to working muscles
Acute Cardiovascular Response (SV)
increases and then plataeus
def:
amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat
Link to scenario:
- as exercise intensity increases, sv increases until 65% of V02 max is met, then plateaus
Acute Muscular Response (Q)
Increases
Def:
amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute
Link to scenario:
as exercise intensity increases, cardiac output increases
Acute Muscular Response (blood pressure)
increases - systolic
remains the same- diastolic
Def:
the pressure on the arterioles when the ventricles contract (systolic) and relax (diastolic)
Link to sport:
more blood is being pumped out per beat and therefore causing an increase in pressure
Acute Muscular Response (venous return)
increases
Def:
the return of blood back to the heart
the three pumps:
- muscle pump (muscle contraction)
- respiratory pump (the diaphragm creating pressure on the abdominals (the veins in the abdomen and the thorax)
- venoconstriction (the constriction of veins)
Link to sport:
as exercise intensity increases, there is more blood that is being pumped around the body and therefore more blood is returning back to the heart at a faster rate
What are the 6 muscular acute responses?
- motor unit recruitment
- energy subtrates (fuels)
- lactate (metabolic by-product)
- body temperature
- enzyme activity
- blood flow
What is an acute response?
An immediate change during a bout of exercise
Acute Muscular Response (motor unit recruitment)
increases
def:
a motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it stimulates
Link to scenario:
- as exercise occurs, the amount of force the working muscles produce can increase
the brain can increase the frequency messages being sent to the motor units
- if motor unit receives an impulse, all muslce fibres will contract increasing strength and power of contraction
Acute Muscular Response (energy subrates - fuels)
decreases
def:
the chemicals that resynthesise ATP
Link to scenario:
- once ATP had been used up, the chemicals that are used to resynthesise ATP are used, therefore, there is a decrease in these fuels
Acute Muscular Response (lactate - matabolic by-product)
increases
def:
lactate is a by product of of the system anaerobic glycolysis
link to scenario:
- lactate increasing in periods of oxygen deficit
- h+ and pi increase
++fatigue is not caused by lactate however, when lactate increases, so does the hydrogen ion which increases fatigue++
Acute Muscular Response (body temperature)
increases
def:
a charge in the internal temperature the body
Link to scenario:
- heat is a by product of chemical energy being converted into mechanical energy
- increase in the blood flow to the skin which helps regulate body heat and temperature through heat exchange with environment
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Acute Muscular Response (enzyme activity)
increases
def:
enzyme activity increases as more ATP is required by the muscles
enzymes play a vital role in creating energy via the three energy systems
Link to scenario:
oxidative enzyme - speeds up the rate at which oxygen can be used to create ATP aerobically
glycolytic enzyme - speeds up the rate at which glycogen is converted into ATP
the more ATP resynthesis that occurs, the more energy the muscles have to produce movement
Acute Muscular Response (blood flow)
increases
def:
the flow of blood around the body
link to scenario:
- caused by dilation of blood vessels to the working muscles
- allows more blood to flow to the working muscles
- allows for greater amounts of oxygen to be diffused into the muscle
Outline
- Indicate the main feature of a topic.
- A full sentence must be used to unpack a piece of recalled information.
Justify
- Provide evidence (data were applicable) to support a given view point.
- Often the view point will be worth 1 mark, the justification will then be 2+ marks
Analyse
Link theoretical principle with given data.
discuss
, ‘discuss’ is where you will look at a factor or key concept from all angles and present your knowledge of this.
Critique
- Make judgments on given material that show your understanding (positives, negatives and improvement to the negative).
Often are associated with the word effectiveness in questions.
You would need to make a comment on the overall effectiveness.
It is effective (if meeting all criteria and fairly positive).
It is not effective (if not meeting criteria and mostly negative).
It is somewhat effective (very close to meeting all criteria).
Compare
sim and diff
evaluate
positive, negative and decide overall on the effectiveness.
A similar skill to critiquing.
Generally evaluating based on a criteria e.g the FITT principles. Is the relevant principle met in the program? Then evaluate the overall effectiveness by making a statement.
positives, negatives and opinion
Factors influencing oxygen uptake
Genetics
Age
Gender
Absolute VO2
Volume of oxygen being consumed by muscles per minute
Relative V02
Volume of oxygen being consumed by muscles per minute taking into account body weight 
Definition of interplay
The three energy systems working togethrt to produce the energy required for the activity being undertaken
