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PE > Biomechanics - Kinetic Linear Concepts (Unit 3 AOS 1 Terms) > Flashcards

Biomechanics - Kinetic Linear Concepts (Unit 3 AOS 1 Terms) Flashcards

1
Q

56 List 2 sporting situations where it is an advantage to decrease the friction?

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

Swimming by wearing a speed suit (black tight suit)

cycling - tight fitted clothes
- narrow tires
means less surface
area and less
friction

Water skiing

road cycling

ice skating

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2
Q

List 2 situations where it is an advantage to increase friction?

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

basketball = changing directions with shoes - friction between shoes and floor

Spikes, applying chalk, gloves, waxing surfboard

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3
Q

In order to move an object across a surface, you must overcome the friction. How would you achieve this?

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

Increasing the force applied

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4
Q

Mass

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

A measure of the amount of matter an object is made up of (measure in kg)

is constant (doesnt change)

+++use mass more in biomechanics+++

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5
Q

Weight

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

The force that is exerted on the body by gravity

more force needs to be produced to move an object of greater weight

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6
Q

link between mass and inertia

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

The greater the mass the greater the inertia.

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7
Q

Inertia and force tip

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

The force applied to the object must be greater than the inertia of the object in order for the motion to change. I.e. you need sufficient force to overcome inertia

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8
Q

Speed

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

distance / time (how quickly an object covers distance)

from a to b

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9
Q

Velocity

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

displacement / time
(the rate of change in an object’s position in a specific time range.)

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10
Q

Momentum has a key role in collision - what is this role?

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

At collision there is a change in momentum. MASS doesn’t change, so there must be a change in velocity.

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11
Q

example - Conservation of momentum (linear)

LINEAR CONCEPTS - stick and ball

A

Before collision:
Ball possesses zero momentum as it is not moving
Stick possesses momentum equal to its mass x velocity (swing)

After collision:
Stick possess zero momentum as it stops after the hit
The ball possess momentum equal to its mass x velocity (ball flying away)

As momentum is the same (conserved), due to the ball having less mass than the stick, it will travel at a greater velocity than the speed of the stick prior to hitting (swing speed).
This is why the ball ‘flies’ off the stick when hit.

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12
Q

Conservation of momentum (linear) - what is it? and example

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

The total momentum of the system before the collision is equal to the momentum after the collision.

eg: release of a javlon

eg2: 10 pin bowling

objects in the system include bowling ball and pin

some momentum from the ball tranfers to th pins

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13
Q

Summation of momentum what body parts,

and examples

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

The correct timing and sequencing of body segments and muscles through a range of motion to produce maximum force.

adding together body parts from heaviest and largest to lightest smallest

PRODUCES MAXIMUM FORCE FOR MAXIMAL FORCE ACTIVITIES INCLUDING:
eg:
wight lift
shot put
3 pointer
long kick in footy

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14
Q

two types of summation of force

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A
  1. Simultaneous Force
  2. Sequential Force
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15
Q

Simultaneous Force

(summatation of force)

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

Summation - body parts move at the same time to perform the action eg. 100m sprint

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16
Q

Sequential Force

(summatation of force)

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

Summation- body parts move in a sequence to produce the desired degree of force.

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17
Q

IMPULSE def and equation and what must you do to change the momentum of an object?

The greater…

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

change in momentum of the object.

Impulse = force x time

to change the momentum of an object, force must be apllied over a period of time - the greater the impulse, the greater the change in momentum

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18
Q

Impulse can be manipulated by…

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A
  1. increasing the time the force is being applied
  2. applying greater force.
  3. Maximimising time AND force
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19
Q

how can impulse be manipulated to increase velocity of an object- discuss example

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

Increasing time (eg. arm back before throwing and release forwards and flick fingers)

Throwing techniques e.g discuss (2.22 p47)

Run-up (increasing time).

Longer stride length

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20
Q

how can impulse be manipulated to decrease velocity of an object - examples

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

Breaks in a car

Motorbike landing

Protective gear (catcher’s glove)

Cradling a ball when catching

21
Q

how to answer an impulse question using deep eg with tennis player

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

D- Impulse is the change in momentum of an object

E- It is calculated by force x time

E- By having a greater follow through in his second serve, the player was
applying the force onto the ball for a greater period of time.

P- This will mean there was a greater change in momentum of the
ball, and the reason it went 30m further than the serve with no
follow through.

22
Q

what is DEEP?

A

Definition

Equation or diagram

Example

Performance. How does it affect performance?

23
Q

Newtons first law of motion (DEEP)

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

The Law of Inertia

Definition:
an object will remain at rest or in its current state of motion unless acted upon by an external force (such as gravity)

Equation or diagram:
NA

Example:
Objects want to continue doing whatever it is they are doing! They will only change their state if there is an unbalanced force put on the object - by doing this, you are overcoming the inertia of the object

Performance:
If something is heavier then it is going to need a bigger force to overcome its current state (whether moving or still)

24
Q

Newton’s second Law

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

The Law of Acceleration

equation:
Force = Mass x Acceleration

Definition:

A force applied to an object will produce a change in motion (acceleration) in the direction of the applied force that is directly proportional to the size of the force and inversely proportional to its mass.

Simply:
Inversely proportional to its mass means the bigger the mass, the less of an acceleration it will have
More force = more acceleration = further/faster the object will go in direction force is applied

Less mass = more acceleration if the same force is applied.

              F
        M        A
25
Q

Newton’s Third Law

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

The Law of Action-Reaction

Definition: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Forces always work in pairs.

When two forces come into contact with one another, they exert forces that are equal in size but opposite in direction on each other.

26
Q

Where is the action-reaction occuring when someone is running?

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

Between her feet and the ground

The action of the arms and legs

Pairs of muscles

27
Q

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

Newton’s three laws of motion

Inertia

Mass

Force

Momentum (Conservation of momentum, summation of momentum)

Impulse

28
Q

Difference (definitions) between linear and angular motion

ANGULAR CONCEPTS

A

Linear motion:
The motion of a body along a straight or curved path

Angular motion:
movement around an axis (internal or external).

Caused by an eccentric force

Internal Axis (Joints)
External Axis (Parallel bars)

29
Q

Force

A

Force is the product of mass and acceleration

A force can have either a pushing or pulling effect on a body with mass.

All forces produce or change movement.

Forces cause objects to accelerate (speed up, slow down or change direction)

30
Q

what are the external Forces (push or pull)

Types of forces

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

Friction

Air and water resistance

Gravitational force (gravity)
Weight
These forces cause objects to speed up, slow down or change direction

31
Q

Internal Forces

Types of forces

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

Skeletal forces

32
Q

Friction

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

When 2 surfaces come into contact with one another.
Friction opposes the motion of an object.

33
Q

How is force calculated?

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

FORCE = MASS X ACCELERATION

the unit of measurement is the Newton.
A Newton is the amount of force required to accelerate 1kg of mass at 1 m/s2

34
Q

Air and water resisitance

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

object moves through air or water experiencing drag force

drag force oppose the direction of motion of the object, slowing it down

35
Q

what could effect the amount of drag experienced by an athlete?

And how could an athlete minimise these things?

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A
  1. density
  2. cross sectional area
    more = more drag force
    less = less drag force
  3. speed of object

technique
clothing
design of equiptment (decrease drag and corss sectional area and make the athlete more streamline

36
Q

gravitational force

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

force of attraction betweem two bodies or objects

its a pull force

37
Q

do not use mass and weight ____________?

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

do not use mass and weight interchangeably

38
Q

When needing to write which forces are applied in a certain sporting example, there will always be__________ and _________ present.

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

internal forces of muscles = muscles pull

gravitational force

39
Q

Inertia

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

An object will remain at rest or in constant motion unless acted upon by an external force

resisitace of a body to change its state of motion

40
Q

what is static inertia?

What is dynamic Inertia?

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

static:
reluctancy to move
eg:
100Kg barbell

dynamic:
reluctant to stop

41
Q

Force and inertia

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

force applied to the object must be greater than the inertia of the object in order for the motiom to change

42
Q

linear momentum and equation

LINEAR CONCEPT

A

the amount of motion an object has and its resisitance to changing that motion

momentum is mass x velocity

43
Q

what is the momentum of an object that is not moving?

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

zero velocity = zero momentum

44
Q

Momentum v impulse

How is momentum different to inertia?

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

A stationary object has inertia but not momentum

45
Q

Momentum V Impulse

How can you change an object’s momentum?

larger the force….

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

Apply a force – the larger the force the greater the change in momentum.

46
Q

Impulse

How could you improve a cricketer’s throwing technique to make them throw the ball further?

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

arm back - force is applied over a longer period of time therefore more momentum when ball is let go therefore, impulse was manipulated

the cricketer can then increase the time over which the force is applied

47
Q

Reducing Impulse

LINEAR CONCEPTS

A

decreasing momentum = when a ball is coming towards you, you can cup the ball and move your hands back while catching the ball, increasing the time over which the force is applied therefore decreasing momentum

48
Q

equations
1. force
2. momentum
3. Impulse
4. Moment of Inertia
5. Angular momentum
6. Change in momentum = change in impulse
7. torque

A

Force = Mass x acceleration

Momentum = Mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)
- same as (p = mv)

Impulse = force x time
- same as (I = Ft)

Moment of Inertia = mass x radius2

Angular momentum = moment of inertia x velocity
- if moment of inertia increases, angular velocity decreases and vice versa to keep angular momentum the same

Change in momentum = change in impulse (△Ft = △mv)

Torque = force x distance from axis of rotation

PE (19 decks)

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