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psychology 2024 > Unit 3 AOS 2 (Learning and Memory) > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS 2 (Learning and Memory) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

a 3 phase active process of learning based on the consequences of behaviour

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2
Q

what are the 3 phases of operant conditioning

A

antecedant- behaviour-consequence (ABC)

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3
Q

what are the 4 types of consequences inn operant conditioning

A

positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment

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4
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

something is given to increase likelihood of repeated behaviour e.g. praise, money, food

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5
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

something is take increasing the liklihood of repeated behaviour e.g. curfew/grounding taken away

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6
Q

what is positive punishment

A

somethig is given t decrease the liklhood of behaviour reoccuring e.e. spank, chores

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7
Q

what is negative punishment

A

something is taken decreasing the likliood of reoccurence e.g. prison, taken phone

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8
Q

what is observational learning

A

a socio-cognitive active 5 stage process to learning

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9
Q

what is the model in observational learning

A

the person being observed or learnt from. They can be real or symbolic

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10
Q

what are the 5 stages of observational learning

A

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement (ARRMR)

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11
Q

what is the attention stage of observational learning

A

learner must actively watch the models behaviour and consequences

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12
Q

what is the the retention stage of observational learning

A

a mental representation of the model must be retained

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13
Q

what is the reproduction stage of observational learning

A

the learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate the behaviour

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14
Q

what is the motivation stage of observational learning

A

learner must want to repeat the behaviour

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15
Q

what is the reinforcement stage of observational learning

A

consequence of behaviour influence liklihood of repetiotion

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16
Q

what is memory

A

psychobiological processes that allows past experiences to help us interpret and respond to current experiences
(link past to current and future)

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17
Q

what are the 3 processes of memory

A

encoding, storage and retrieval.

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18
Q

what is encoding

A

conversion of information into a usable form for the brain to interpret

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19
Q

what is storage

A

the retention of encoded information overtime

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20
Q

what is retrieval

A

recovery of stored information into conscious awareness

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21
Q

what are the features of the asm

A

sensory input- sensory memory- attention- short term memory-maintenance rehersal- encoding- long term memory- retrival

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22
Q

what is sensory memory

A

hold sensory info from external environment in raw form for short time

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23
Q

what are the types of sensory memory

A

iconic and echoic

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24
Q

what is the capacity, duration and encoding of sm

A

c= large- unlimited
en= physical properties
dur= iconic- 0.2-0.5 echo- 3-4

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25
Q

how is info in the sensory memory lost

A

if info is unattended it is lost

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26
Q

what is short term memory

A

an active store holding info you are consciously aware of

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27
Q

what is the capacity, duration and encoding of stm

A

cap- 7 +- 2
dur- 15-30s - increases with MR
enc- verbally

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28
Q

how is info in the short term memory lost

A

if info is unrehearsed or overwritten it is lost

29
Q

what is longterm memory

A

permanent, limitless passive storage system

30
Q

what is the capacity, duration and encoding of ltm

A

cap- unlimited
dur-lifetime
enc-semantic

31
Q

how is info lost from ltm

A

forgetting occurs due to failure to retrieve info often or dementia

32
Q

what is elaborative rehersal

A

links old and new info enriching it

33
Q

what are the strengths of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A

-explain how info is transferred through different memories
- explains forgetting
- demonstrates with serial postion effect

34
Q

what are the limitations of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A

-does not explain different form of ltm
- is not specific to how and why memories are stored
- does not explain biological damage
- it is a general model

35
Q

what are the two types of ltm

A

explicit and implict

36
Q

what are the types of explicit memories

A

episodic and semantic

37
Q

what is explict memory

A

consicously recall memories

38
Q

what are episodic memories

A

recall of events from life

39
Q

what are semantic memories

A

recall of general facts and concepts

40
Q

what are the types of implicit memory

A

procedural and conditioning

41
Q

what are implicit memories

A

unconsciously recalled memories

42
Q

what are procedural memories

A

learnt skills and actions

43
Q

what are conditioning memories

A

classical and operantly made memories (fear responses) e.g. praise

44
Q

what is autobiographical memory

A

memories of personal expirences and events and self knowledge - mixes semantic and episodic memories

45
Q

what is episodic future thinking

A

allows us to imagine how we will expeirence events in the future from a first person perspective using previously seen information

46
Q

what brain regions are involved in memory

A

hippocampus, amygdala, neocortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia

47
Q

what brain regions are involved in episodic future thinking

A

hippocampus, amygdala

48
Q

what is alzheimers

A

a neurodegenerative disease causing a progressive loss of brain tissue

49
Q

what does alzheimers do

A

causes symptoms of dementia

50
Q

what are the biological causes of alzheimers

A

amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, lack of acetylcholine, brain atrophy

51
Q

what are amyloid plaques

A

build up of beta amyloid between neurons

52
Q

what are neurofibrillary tangles

A

build up of tau inside neurons

53
Q

what is acetylcholine

A

lack of neurotransmitters used for sending memories

54
Q

what is brain atrophy

A

neurons die leading to shrinking of brain

55
Q

what are the early symptoms of alzheimers

A
  • severe anterograde amnesia (Episodic auto-biographical memory, semantic memory)
  • difficulty with episodic future thinking
  • damage to hippocampus
  • difficulty generating voluntary mental imagery
56
Q

what are the progressive symptoms of alzheimers

A
  • retrograde amnesia
  • loss of semantic knowledge
  • inability to perform practiced tasks- procedural memory
57
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A

memory loss after damage/diagnosis

58
Q

what is retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss before damage/diagnosis

59
Q

which brain imaging techniques is used to depict alzheimers

A

FMRI- Functional magnetic resonance imaging= structural and functional

60
Q

what does an FMRI show in an Alzheimers patient

A
  • loss of volume in hippocampus
  • abnormal activation of hippocampus
  • spread to prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe
  • spread to parietal lobe
  • final damage to occipital lobe
61
Q

what are mnemonics

A

techniques that help encode and retrieve information in a meaningful way

62
Q

what are acrostics

A

phrases created using the first letter of each word

63
Q

what are acronyms

A

first letter in a phrase can be pronounced as a word

64
Q

what is oral culture

A

information and stories are communicated by word of mouth

65
Q

what is sung narrative

A

uses singing, music and dance to tell stories
- knowledge is passed down through ancestors
-physical locations are linked to songs

66
Q

how do song lines enhance encoding and retrieval

A
  • multiple modes of rehersal
  • emotional scaffold
  • rhythm and melody increases accuracy
  • series of events makes it meaningful
67
Q

Define Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in behaviour or knowledge that results from experience

68
Q

When has learning occurred?

A

When it is
- Apparent (demonstrates behaviour that has not been demonstrated before)
- Long lasting (continues to be able to perform the behaviour)
- Due to experience (did not spontaneously occur, resulted from experience of external stimuli)

psychology 2024 (11 decks)

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