Unit 3 AOS 2 (Learning and Memory)

Question 1

what is operant conditioning

Answer 1

a 3 phase active process of learning based on the consequences of behaviour

Question 2

what are the 3 phases of operant conditioning

Answer 2

antecedant- behaviour-consequence (ABC)

Question 3

what are the 4 types of consequences inn operant conditioning

Answer 3

positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment

Question 4

what is positive reinforcement

Answer 4

something is given to increase likelihood of repeated behaviour e.g. praise, money, food

Question 5

what is negative reinforcement

Answer 5

something is take increasing the liklihood of repeated behaviour e.g. curfew/grounding taken away

Question 6

what is positive punishment

Answer 6

somethig is given t decrease the liklhood of behaviour reoccuring e.e. spank, chores

Question 7

what is negative punishment

Answer 7

something is taken decreasing the likliood of reoccurence e.g. prison, taken phone

Question 8

what is observational learning

Answer 8

a socio-cognitive active 5 stage process to learning

Question 9

what is the model in observational learning

Answer 9

the person being observed or learnt from. They can be real or symbolic

Question 10

what are the 5 stages of observational learning

Answer 10

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement (ARRMR)

Question 11

what is the attention stage of observational learning

Answer 11

learner must actively watch the models behaviour and consequences

Question 12

what is the the retention stage of observational learning

Answer 12

a mental representation of the model must be retained

Question 13

what is the reproduction stage of observational learning

Answer 13

the learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate the behaviour

Question 14

what is the motivation stage of observational learning

Answer 14

learner must want to repeat the behaviour

Question 15

what is the reinforcement stage of observational learning

Answer 15

consequence of behaviour influence liklihood of repetiotion

Question 16

what is memory

Answer 16

psychobiological processes that allows past experiences to help us interpret and respond to current experiences
(link past to current and future)

Question 17

what are the 3 processes of memory

Answer 17

encoding, storage and retrieval.

Question 18

what is encoding

Answer 18

conversion of information into a usable form for the brain to interpret

Question 19

what is storage

Answer 19

the retention of encoded information overtime

Question 20

what is retrieval

Answer 20

recovery of stored information into conscious awareness

Question 21

what are the features of the asm

Answer 21

sensory input- sensory memory- attention- short term memory-maintenance rehersal- encoding- long term memory- retrival

Question 22

what is sensory memory

Answer 22

hold sensory info from external environment in raw form for short time

Question 23

what are the types of sensory memory

Answer 23

iconic and echoic

Question 24

what is the capacity, duration and encoding of sm

Answer 24

c= large- unlimited
en= physical properties
dur= iconic- 0.2-0.5 echo- 3-4

Question 25

how is info in the sensory memory lost

Answer 25

if info is unattended it is lost

Question 26

what is short term memory

Answer 26

an active store holding info you are consciously aware of

Question 27

what is the capacity, duration and encoding of stm

Answer 27

cap- 7 +- 2 dur- 15-30s - increases with MR enc- verbally

Question 28

how is info in the short term memory lost

Answer 28

if info is unrehearsed or overwritten it is lost

Question 29

what is longterm memory

Answer 29

permanent, limitless passive storage system

Question 30

what is the capacity, duration and encoding of ltm

Answer 30

cap- unlimited dur-lifetime enc-semantic

Question 31

how is info lost from ltm

Answer 31

forgetting occurs due to failure to retrieve info often or dementia

Question 32

what is elaborative rehersal

Answer 32

links old and new info enriching it

Question 33

what are the strengths of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Answer 33

-explain how info is transferred through different memories - explains forgetting - demonstrates with serial postion effect

Question 34

what are the limitations of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Answer 34

-does not explain different form of ltm - is not specific to how and why memories are stored - does not explain biological damage - it is a general model

Question 35

what are the two types of ltm

Answer 35

explicit and implict

Question 36

what are the types of explicit memories

Answer 36

episodic and semantic

Question 37

what is explict memory

Answer 37

consicously recall memories

Question 38

what are episodic memories

Answer 38

recall of events from life

Question 39

what are semantic memories

Answer 39

recall of general facts and concepts

Question 40

what are the types of implicit memory

Answer 40

procedural and conditioning

Question 41

what are implicit memories

Answer 41

unconsciously recalled memories

Question 42

what are procedural memories

Answer 42

learnt skills and actions

Question 43

what are conditioning memories

Answer 43

classical and operantly made memories (fear responses) e.g. praise

Question 44

what is autobiographical memory

Answer 44

memories of personal expirences and events and self knowledge - mixes semantic and episodic memories

Question 45

what is episodic future thinking

Answer 45

allows us to imagine how we will expeirence events in the future from a first person perspective using previously seen information

Question 46

what brain regions are involved in memory

Answer 46

hippocampus, amygdala, neocortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia

Question 47

what brain regions are involved in episodic future thinking

Answer 47

hippocampus, amygdala

Question 48

what is alzheimers

Answer 48

a neurodegenerative disease causing a progressive loss of brain tissue

Question 49

what does alzheimers do

Answer 49

causes symptoms of dementia

Question 50

what are the biological causes of alzheimers

Answer 50

amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, lack of acetylcholine, brain atrophy

Question 51

what are amyloid plaques

Answer 51

build up of beta amyloid between neurons

Question 52

what are neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 52

build up of tau inside neurons

Question 53

what is acetylcholine

Answer 53

lack of neurotransmitters used for sending memories

Question 54

what is brain atrophy

Answer 54

neurons die leading to shrinking of brain

Question 55

what are the early symptoms of alzheimers

Answer 55

- severe anterograde amnesia (Episodic auto-biographical memory, semantic memory) - difficulty with episodic future thinking - damage to hippocampus - difficulty generating voluntary mental imagery

Question 56

what are the progressive symptoms of alzheimers

Answer 56

- retrograde amnesia - loss of semantic knowledge - inability to perform practiced tasks- procedural memory

Question 57

what is anterograde amnesia

Answer 57

memory loss after damage/diagnosis

Question 58

what is retrograde amnesia

Answer 58

memory loss before damage/diagnosis

Question 59

which brain imaging techniques is used to depict alzheimers

Answer 59

FMRI- Functional magnetic resonance imaging= structural and functional

Question 60

what does an FMRI show in an Alzheimers patient

Answer 60

- loss of volume in hippocampus - abnormal activation of hippocampus - spread to prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe - spread to parietal lobe - final damage to occipital lobe

Question 61

what are mnemonics

Answer 61

techniques that help encode and retrieve information in a meaningful way

Question 62

what are acrostics

Answer 62

phrases created using the first letter of each word

Question 63

what are acronyms

Answer 63

first letter in a phrase can be pronounced as a word

Question 64

what is oral culture

Answer 64

information and stories are communicated by word of mouth

Question 65

what is sung narrative

Answer 65

uses singing, music and dance to tell stories - knowledge is passed down through ancestors -physical locations are linked to songs

Question 66

how do song lines enhance encoding and retrieval

Answer 66

- multiple modes of rehersal - emotional scaffold - rhythm and melody increases accuracy - series of events makes it meaningful

Question 67

Define Learning

Answer 67

Relatively permanent change in behaviour or knowledge that results from experience

Question 68

When has learning occurred?

Answer 68

When it is - Apparent (demonstrates behaviour that has not been demonstrated before) - Long lasting (continues to be able to perform the behaviour) - Due to experience (did not spontaneously occur, resulted from experience of external stimuli)