Unit 3 AOS 2 (Learning and Memory) Flashcards
what is operant conditioning
a 3 phase active process of learning based on the consequences of behaviour
what are the 3 phases of operant conditioning
antecedant- behaviour-consequence (ABC)
what are the 4 types of consequences inn operant conditioning
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment
what is positive reinforcement
something is given to increase likelihood of repeated behaviour e.g. praise, money, food
what is negative reinforcement
something is take increasing the liklihood of repeated behaviour e.g. curfew/grounding taken away
what is positive punishment
somethig is given t decrease the liklhood of behaviour reoccuring e.e. spank, chores
what is negative punishment
something is taken decreasing the likliood of reoccurence e.g. prison, taken phone
what is observational learning
a socio-cognitive active 5 stage process to learning
what is the model in observational learning
the person being observed or learnt from. They can be real or symbolic
what are the 5 stages of observational learning
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement (ARRMR)
what is the attention stage of observational learning
learner must actively watch the models behaviour and consequences
what is the the retention stage of observational learning
a mental representation of the model must be retained
what is the reproduction stage of observational learning
the learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate the behaviour
what is the motivation stage of observational learning
learner must want to repeat the behaviour
what is the reinforcement stage of observational learning
consequence of behaviour influence liklihood of repetiotion
what is memory
psychobiological processes that allows past experiences to help us interpret and respond to current experiences
(link past to current and future)
what are the 3 processes of memory
encoding, storage and retrieval.
what is encoding
conversion of information into a usable form for the brain to interpret
what is storage
the retention of encoded information overtime
what is retrieval
recovery of stored information into conscious awareness
what are the features of the asm
sensory input- sensory memory- attention- short term memory-maintenance rehersal- encoding- long term memory- retrival
what is sensory memory
hold sensory info from external environment in raw form for short time
what are the types of sensory memory
iconic and echoic
what is the capacity, duration and encoding of sm
c= large- unlimited
en= physical properties
dur= iconic- 0.2-0.5 echo- 3-4
how is info in the sensory memory lost
if info is unattended it is lost
what is short term memory
an active store holding info you are consciously aware of
what is the capacity, duration and encoding of stm
cap- 7 +- 2
dur- 15-30s - increases with MR
enc- verbally
how is info in the short term memory lost
if info is unrehearsed or overwritten it is lost
what is longterm memory
permanent, limitless passive storage system
what is the capacity, duration and encoding of ltm
cap- unlimited
dur-lifetime
enc-semantic
how is info lost from ltm
forgetting occurs due to failure to retrieve info often or dementia
what is elaborative rehersal
links old and new info enriching it
what are the strengths of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
-explain how info is transferred through different memories
- explains forgetting
- demonstrates with serial postion effect
what are the limitations of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
-does not explain different form of ltm
- is not specific to how and why memories are stored
- does not explain biological damage
- it is a general model
what are the two types of ltm
explicit and implict
what are the types of explicit memories
episodic and semantic
what is explict memory
consicously recall memories
what are episodic memories
recall of events from life
what are semantic memories
recall of general facts and concepts
what are the types of implicit memory
procedural and conditioning
what are implicit memories
unconsciously recalled memories
what are procedural memories
learnt skills and actions
what are conditioning memories
classical and operantly made memories (fear responses) e.g. praise
what is autobiographical memory
memories of personal expirences and events and self knowledge - mixes semantic and episodic memories
what is episodic future thinking
allows us to imagine how we will expeirence events in the future from a first person perspective using previously seen information
what brain regions are involved in memory
hippocampus, amygdala, neocortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia
what brain regions are involved in episodic future thinking
hippocampus, amygdala
what is alzheimers
a neurodegenerative disease causing a progressive loss of brain tissue
what does alzheimers do
causes symptoms of dementia
what are the biological causes of alzheimers
amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, lack of acetylcholine, brain atrophy
what are amyloid plaques
build up of beta amyloid between neurons
what are neurofibrillary tangles
build up of tau inside neurons
what is acetylcholine
lack of neurotransmitters used for sending memories
what is brain atrophy
neurons die leading to shrinking of brain
what are the early symptoms of alzheimers
- severe anterograde amnesia (Episodic auto-biographical memory, semantic memory)
- difficulty with episodic future thinking
- damage to hippocampus
- difficulty generating voluntary mental imagery
what are the progressive symptoms of alzheimers
- retrograde amnesia
- loss of semantic knowledge
- inability to perform practiced tasks- procedural memory
what is anterograde amnesia
memory loss after damage/diagnosis
what is retrograde amnesia
memory loss before damage/diagnosis
which brain imaging techniques is used to depict alzheimers
FMRI- Functional magnetic resonance imaging= structural and functional
what does an FMRI show in an Alzheimers patient
- loss of volume in hippocampus
- abnormal activation of hippocampus
- spread to prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe
- spread to parietal lobe
- final damage to occipital lobe
what are mnemonics
techniques that help encode and retrieve information in a meaningful way
what are acrostics
phrases created using the first letter of each word
what are acronyms
first letter in a phrase can be pronounced as a word
what is oral culture
information and stories are communicated by word of mouth
what is sung narrative
uses singing, music and dance to tell stories
- knowledge is passed down through ancestors
-physical locations are linked to songs
how do song lines enhance encoding and retrieval
- multiple modes of rehersal
- emotional scaffold
- rhythm and melody increases accuracy
- series of events makes it meaningful
Define Learning
Relatively permanent change in behaviour or knowledge that results from experience
When has learning occurred?
When it is
- Apparent (demonstrates behaviour that has not been demonstrated before)
- Long lasting (continues to be able to perform the behaviour)
- Due to experience (did not spontaneously occur, resulted from experience of external stimuli)
