exam Flashcards
what is phrenology
feild of study where pereonality traits were determined by bumps on the skull
brain vs heart
argument on whether the brain or heart controlled thinking
mind body problem
argument over whether the mind and body are connected
split brain study
studied the severing of the corpus collosum- found the left side is responsible for speach and abstract thinking ( numbers, language) the right side is responsibe for visual awarnessspatial awareness imagination and emotion
what is the nature vs nuture debate
the debate regarding the extent to wich hereditary factors and environmental factors influneces development
what is emotional development
life long development of skills allowing contol of expressions and recognition of emotions
what is attachment
the close emotional bond between and infant and their mother or primary caregiver
what is the strange situation test
and 8 stage experiment used to measure the quality of an infants attachment to its caregiver
what was harlows experiment
harlow went about finding whether food or contact comfort is more important in the attachment of rhesus monkeys to their caregiver
what is cognitive development
the growth and maturation of out thinking process
what is cognition
our ability to think organize and understand information from our environments
what was piaget exploring
how our thinking processes change and mature overtime
what are the four stages of development
sensorimotor- object permanence and goal directed behaviour
preoperational- centration, egocentrism, animism, symbolic thinking
concrete operational- conservation, classification, reversibility of thought
formal operational- abstract thinking, hypothetical deductive reasoning
what is a schema
representations in our mind of perceptions, ideas and actions that go together
what is accomodation
restructuring our schemas to fit new info
what is assimilation
incorporating new info into existing schema
what is a sensitive period
a time when we are most open to learning a new skill. these periods are longer and we can aquire the skill later on in life if we dont learn it at the time however it is harder
critical period
narrow periofs in our development where we must learn skills and functions. if they are not aquired we will not learn them later in life
what is ablation
disabling distroying or removing brain tissue to observe behavoural changes
what are the different types of neuro imaging
structural- produce image or scan showing brain structure
functional- veiws of brain function showing the brain at work
what are the brain structures
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
what are the parts of the forebrain
cerebrum- responsible for consious actions
thalamus- relay sensory information and motor signals to cerebral cortex
hypothalamus- homestatis and conducting the endocrine system
what are the parts of the hind brain
cerebellum- voluntary movement
medulla- vital functions e.g. heart beat, lungs
pons- regulates sleep
what are the parts of the midbrain
reticular formation- screen incoming information to stop the brain from becoming overloaded helps to alert the higher brain of important information
what are the areas of the brain (lobes)
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe
frontal lobe structures
prefrontal cortex- cognitive functions (personality, intelligence), executive functions (descision making, planning)
primary motor cortex- voluntary movement
broccas area- movement of mouth for speach
temporal lobe structures
wernickes area- comprehension of language
primary auditory cortex- process auditory information
parietal lobe structures
somatosensory cortex- process sensation
occipital lobe
process visual information
what is social cognition
the way we judge our behaviour and others in a social setting- understanding others cognitive and emotinal states through facal expressions and emotional responses
what is a person perception
process of making judgments about individuals based on theri apparent characteristics
what do we use when making a person perception
physical cues- appearence, facial expressions
sailency detection- the standing out of unqe characteristcs that capture our attention
social categorisaton- a persons perceived social category e.g. sex, race age
what is a cognitive bias
systematic errors in descision making that occurr when we attempt to simplify information
what is a sterotype
a collection of beliefs about people who belong to a certain group regardless of the individual dofferences
what is prejudice
holding a negative attitude towards members f a group based soley off their membership of said group
what is an attitude
ideas and judgments we hold about ourselves others and experiences
what is the tricompenent model
the tricomponent model is a way of explaining how our attitudes form: it is made up of three components behaviour, cogintive and affective
what are limitations of the tri
some limitations are that it does does sow the strength of an attitude and it is said that all three components need to align to form an attitude
what is cognitive dissonacne
the psychological discomoft we feel when the components of the model dont align leading us to changes some of the components to align
what is an ingroup and what is an out group
in group- any group an individual belongs to or identifies with
out-group - any group and individual does not belong to or identify with
what are some ways to reduce prejudice in groups
intergorup contact- spending time together hep recognise shared values
sustained contact- spending long periods of time together cooperating to acheive a goal
super oordinate goal- shared goals that can only be acheived with each other
mutual interdeendancce- group has to rely on each other to acheive their own goals
equality of status- members of a group work together where everyone has equal status
change social norms- reduce harmful negative standards in our society
what is depth perception
the ability to see 3d soace and judge distance using environmental cues
what are depth cues- biological factors of depth perception
variety of internal and external stimuli or processes that inform us of an objects depth or distance
what are the binocular and monocular depth cues
binocluar- retinal disparity- fuses images from both eyes together any differences provide information on depth
convergence- eye move inwards as an object gets closer to us to maintain focus
monocular depth cues- accomodation- when the eye lens changesshape depening on disatnce- when close lens is rounded when further away lens flattens
what is a pictorial cue
monocular cues that reate the impression of depth and distance on a flat 2d surface (linear perspective, interpositional overlap, texture gradient, relaive size, height in the visual feild)
what are visual perception princples-psychological factors of depth perception
rules the brain applies to organise and interpert visual stimul meaningfully
what are gestalt principles
rules used to organse and seperate elements into a meanigful pattern (figure-ground, closure, similarity, proximity)
what are visual constancies
ability to veiw objects as unchanging in terms of size, shape, brightness and orientation even when what we see dfferes
other psychological and social factors of visual perception
psych context, motivation, past expirence and memory
social- culture- the way we writes our language
what is attention
our ability to focus awarness on stimuli it can be volutary or involuntary
what are the types of attention
sustained attention, divided attention, selective attention
what is gustatory or taste perception
the sensory expirence of putting food in our mouth and percepiving it as flavour
what are gustatory recptors
proteins on our taste buds that detect chemicals in food transduce them and send them to the brain for interpretation
what are the biological factors of gustatory perception
genes- the amount of taste buds we have
age- the loss of taste buds as we age
what are the psychological facyors of taste
memory, past expirence, packaging (colour texture weight), appearance (if colour doesnt match expectations we may perceive flavour differently)
social factors of taste
culture- different cultures eat different foods, values and beleifs attached to foods
what is perception
the process of selecting organising and interperating sensory information, it is different for everyone
what is a supertatser
a supertaster is someone born with more taste buds and taste receptors making them more sensitive to foods and flavours
what is miraculin
a substance that distorts taste perception found in a miracle berry that turns sour food to sweet
explain the miraculin process
invested and binds to sweet receptors- acidic food triggers a cellular response activating sweet recptors- neural impulses are sent to brain and the flavour is interperated as sweet
what is spatial neglect
the failure to pay attention to recognise or respond to one side of the body or visual field. it is usually cause by damage to the right parietal lobe
what is syneathesia
a neurological conditon where info from one sense is involuntary expirenced by other senses. it is genetic and a result of failure to prune excess neurons
what is a cv
afets both variables
what is an ev
a variable not being investigated that can affect the outcome
what is a controlled expirment
the manipulation of a variable to determine the affect it has
what is a between subjects design
participants are allocated to different groups
what is a within subjects design
participants are exposed to both the control and changed variable
what is internal and external validity
internal- the expirment investigates what it should does not deviate from the truth
external- results can be applied to similar individuals in a different setting
what are the types of sampling
conveinience, random (not always good as it may not represent everyone), stratified (same proportion of people from each status
what is cte
a degenerative brain disease that is progressive and caused by multiple injuries/concussions to the head. symptoms get worse with time. cause when by atrophy. can be seen through higher levels of tau. only diagnosable after death
what are the different biases
anchoring, confirmation, false consensus, functional fixedness, halo effect, hindsight, missinformation affect, selfserving bias, attentional bias, optimism bias, dunning kruger affect
