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psychology 2024 > exam > Flashcards

exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is phrenology

A

feild of study where pereonality traits were determined by bumps on the skull

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2
Q

brain vs heart

A

argument on whether the brain or heart controlled thinking

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3
Q

mind body problem

A

argument over whether the mind and body are connected

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4
Q

split brain study

A

studied the severing of the corpus collosum- found the left side is responsible for speach and abstract thinking ( numbers, language) the right side is responsibe for visual awarnessspatial awareness imagination and emotion

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5
Q

what is the nature vs nuture debate

A

the debate regarding the extent to wich hereditary factors and environmental factors influneces development

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6
Q

what is emotional development

A

life long development of skills allowing contol of expressions and recognition of emotions

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7
Q

what is attachment

A

the close emotional bond between and infant and their mother or primary caregiver

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8
Q

what is the strange situation test

A

and 8 stage experiment used to measure the quality of an infants attachment to its caregiver

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9
Q

what was harlows experiment

A

harlow went about finding whether food or contact comfort is more important in the attachment of rhesus monkeys to their caregiver

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10
Q

what is cognitive development

A

the growth and maturation of out thinking process

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11
Q

what is cognition

A

our ability to think organize and understand information from our environments

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12
Q

what was piaget exploring

A

how our thinking processes change and mature overtime

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13
Q

what are the four stages of development

A

sensorimotor- object permanence and goal directed behaviour
preoperational- centration, egocentrism, animism, symbolic thinking
concrete operational- conservation, classification, reversibility of thought
formal operational- abstract thinking, hypothetical deductive reasoning

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14
Q

what is a schema

A

representations in our mind of perceptions, ideas and actions that go together

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15
Q

what is accomodation

A

restructuring our schemas to fit new info

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16
Q

what is assimilation

A

incorporating new info into existing schema

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17
Q

what is a sensitive period

A

a time when we are most open to learning a new skill. these periods are longer and we can aquire the skill later on in life if we dont learn it at the time however it is harder

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18
Q

critical period

A

narrow periofs in our development where we must learn skills and functions. if they are not aquired we will not learn them later in life

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19
Q

what is ablation

A

disabling distroying or removing brain tissue to observe behavoural changes

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20
Q

what are the different types of neuro imaging

A

structural- produce image or scan showing brain structure
functional- veiws of brain function showing the brain at work

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21
Q

what are the brain structures

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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22
Q

what are the parts of the forebrain

A

cerebrum- responsible for consious actions
thalamus- relay sensory information and motor signals to cerebral cortex
hypothalamus- homestatis and conducting the endocrine system

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23
Q

what are the parts of the hind brain

A

cerebellum- voluntary movement
medulla- vital functions e.g. heart beat, lungs
pons- regulates sleep

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24
Q

what are the parts of the midbrain

A

reticular formation- screen incoming information to stop the brain from becoming overloaded helps to alert the higher brain of important information

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25
what are the areas of the brain (lobes)
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe
26
frontal lobe structures
prefrontal cortex- cognitive functions (personality, intelligence), executive functions (descision making, planning) primary motor cortex- voluntary movement broccas area- movement of mouth for speach
27
temporal lobe structures
wernickes area- comprehension of language primary auditory cortex- process auditory information
28
parietal lobe structures
somatosensory cortex- process sensation
29
occipital lobe
process visual information
30
what is social cognition
the way we judge our behaviour and others in a social setting- understanding others cognitive and emotinal states through facal expressions and emotional responses
31
what is a person perception
process of making judgments about individuals based on theri apparent characteristics
32
what do we use when making a person perception
physical cues- appearence, facial expressions sailency detection- the standing out of unqe characteristcs that capture our attention social categorisaton- a persons perceived social category e.g. sex, race age
33
what is a cognitive bias
systematic errors in descision making that occurr when we attempt to simplify information
34
what is a sterotype
a collection of beliefs about people who belong to a certain group regardless of the individual dofferences
35
what is prejudice
holding a negative attitude towards members f a group based soley off their membership of said group
36
what is an attitude
ideas and judgments we hold about ourselves others and experiences
37
what is the tricompenent model
the tricomponent model is a way of explaining how our attitudes form: it is made up of three components behaviour, cogintive and affective
38
what are limitations of the tri
some limitations are that it does does sow the strength of an attitude and it is said that all three components need to align to form an attitude
39
what is cognitive dissonacne
the psychological discomoft we feel when the components of the model dont align leading us to changes some of the components to align
40
what is an ingroup and what is an out group
in group- any group an individual belongs to or identifies with out-group - any group and individual does not belong to or identify with
41
what are some ways to reduce prejudice in groups
intergorup contact- spending time together hep recognise shared values sustained contact- spending long periods of time together cooperating to acheive a goal super oordinate goal- shared goals that can only be acheived with each other mutual interdeendancce- group has to rely on each other to acheive their own goals equality of status- members of a group work together where everyone has equal status change social norms- reduce harmful negative standards in our society
42
what is depth perception
the ability to see 3d soace and judge distance using environmental cues
43
what are depth cues- biological factors of depth perception
variety of internal and external stimuli or processes that inform us of an objects depth or distance
44
what are the binocular and monocular depth cues
binocluar- retinal disparity- fuses images from both eyes together any differences provide information on depth convergence- eye move inwards as an object gets closer to us to maintain focus monocular depth cues- accomodation- when the eye lens changesshape depening on disatnce- when close lens is rounded when further away lens flattens
45
what is a pictorial cue
monocular cues that reate the impression of depth and distance on a flat 2d surface (linear perspective, interpositional overlap, texture gradient, relaive size, height in the visual feild)
46
what are visual perception princples-psychological factors of depth perception
rules the brain applies to organise and interpert visual stimul meaningfully
47
what are gestalt principles
rules used to organse and seperate elements into a meanigful pattern (figure-ground, closure, similarity, proximity)
48
what are visual constancies
ability to veiw objects as unchanging in terms of size, shape, brightness and orientation even when what we see dfferes
49
other psychological and social factors of visual perception
psych context, motivation, past expirence and memory social- culture- the way we writes our language
50
what is attention
our ability to focus awarness on stimuli it can be volutary or involuntary
51
what are the types of attention
sustained attention, divided attention, selective attention
52
what is gustatory or taste perception
the sensory expirence of putting food in our mouth and percepiving it as flavour
53
what are gustatory recptors
proteins on our taste buds that detect chemicals in food transduce them and send them to the brain for interpretation
54
what are the biological factors of gustatory perception
genes- the amount of taste buds we have age- the loss of taste buds as we age
55
what are the psychological facyors of taste
memory, past expirence, packaging (colour texture weight), appearance (if colour doesnt match expectations we may perceive flavour differently)
56
social factors of taste
culture- different cultures eat different foods, values and beleifs attached to foods
57
what is perception
the process of selecting organising and interperating sensory information, it is different for everyone
58
what is a supertatser
a supertaster is someone born with more taste buds and taste receptors making them more sensitive to foods and flavours
59
what is miraculin
a substance that distorts taste perception found in a miracle berry that turns sour food to sweet
60
explain the miraculin process
invested and binds to sweet receptors- acidic food triggers a cellular response activating sweet recptors- neural impulses are sent to brain and the flavour is interperated as sweet
61
what is spatial neglect
the failure to pay attention to recognise or respond to one side of the body or visual field. it is usually cause by damage to the right parietal lobe
62
what is syneathesia
a neurological conditon where info from one sense is involuntary expirenced by other senses. it is genetic and a result of failure to prune excess neurons
63
what is a cv
afets both variables
64
what is an ev
a variable not being investigated that can affect the outcome
65
what is a controlled expirment
the manipulation of a variable to determine the affect it has
66
what is a between subjects design
participants are allocated to different groups
67
what is a within subjects design
participants are exposed to both the control and changed variable
68
what is internal and external validity
internal- the expirment investigates what it should does not deviate from the truth external- results can be applied to similar individuals in a different setting
69
what are the types of sampling
conveinience, random (not always good as it may not represent everyone), stratified (same proportion of people from each status
70
what is cte
a degenerative brain disease that is progressive and caused by multiple injuries/concussions to the head. symptoms get worse with time. cause when by atrophy. can be seen through higher levels of tau. only diagnosable after death
71
what are the different biases
anchoring, confirmation, false consensus, functional fixedness, halo effect, hindsight, missinformation affect, selfserving bias, attentional bias, optimism bias, dunning kruger affect

psychology 2024 (11 decks)

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