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1
Q

what is phrenology

A

feild of study where pereonality traits were determined by bumps on the skull

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2
Q

brain vs heart

A

argument on whether the brain or heart controlled thinking

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3
Q

mind body problem

A

argument over whether the mind and body are connected

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4
Q

split brain study

A

studied the severing of the corpus collosum- found the left side is responsible for speach and abstract thinking ( numbers, language) the right side is responsibe for visual awarnessspatial awareness imagination and emotion

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5
Q

what is the nature vs nuture debate

A

the debate regarding the extent to wich hereditary factors and environmental factors influneces development

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6
Q

what is emotional development

A

life long development of skills allowing contol of expressions and recognition of emotions

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7
Q

what is attachment

A

the close emotional bond between and infant and their mother or primary caregiver

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8
Q

what is the strange situation test

A

and 8 stage experiment used to measure the quality of an infants attachment to its caregiver

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9
Q

what was harlows experiment

A

harlow went about finding whether food or contact comfort is more important in the attachment of rhesus monkeys to their caregiver

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10
Q

what is cognitive development

A

the growth and maturation of out thinking process

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11
Q

what is cognition

A

our ability to think organize and understand information from our environments

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12
Q

what was piaget exploring

A

how our thinking processes change and mature overtime

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13
Q

what are the four stages of development

A

sensorimotor- object permanence and goal directed behaviour
preoperational- centration, egocentrism, animism, symbolic thinking
concrete operational- conservation, classification, reversibility of thought
formal operational- abstract thinking, hypothetical deductive reasoning

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14
Q

what is a schema

A

representations in our mind of perceptions, ideas and actions that go together

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15
Q

what is accomodation

A

restructuring our schemas to fit new info

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16
Q

what is assimilation

A

incorporating new info into existing schema

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17
Q

what is a sensitive period

A

a time when we are most open to learning a new skill. these periods are longer and we can aquire the skill later on in life if we dont learn it at the time however it is harder

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18
Q

critical period

A

narrow periofs in our development where we must learn skills and functions. if they are not aquired we will not learn them later in life

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19
Q

what is ablation

A

disabling distroying or removing brain tissue to observe behavoural changes

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20
Q

what are the different types of neuro imaging

A

structural- produce image or scan showing brain structure
functional- veiws of brain function showing the brain at work

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21
Q

what are the brain structures

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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22
Q

what are the parts of the forebrain

A

cerebrum- responsible for consious actions
thalamus- relay sensory information and motor signals to cerebral cortex
hypothalamus- homestatis and conducting the endocrine system

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23
Q

what are the parts of the hind brain

A

cerebellum- voluntary movement
medulla- vital functions e.g. heart beat, lungs
pons- regulates sleep

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24
Q

what are the parts of the midbrain

A

reticular formation- screen incoming information to stop the brain from becoming overloaded helps to alert the higher brain of important information

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25
Q

what are the areas of the brain (lobes)

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

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26
Q

frontal lobe structures

A

prefrontal cortex- cognitive functions (personality, intelligence), executive functions (descision making, planning)
primary motor cortex- voluntary movement
broccas area- movement of mouth for speach

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27
Q

temporal lobe structures

A

wernickes area- comprehension of language
primary auditory cortex- process auditory information

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28
Q

parietal lobe structures

A

somatosensory cortex- process sensation

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29
Q

occipital lobe

A

process visual information

30
Q

what is social cognition

A

the way we judge our behaviour and others in a social setting- understanding others cognitive and emotinal states through facal expressions and emotional responses

31
Q

what is a person perception

A

process of making judgments about individuals based on theri apparent characteristics

32
Q

what do we use when making a person perception

A

physical cues- appearence, facial expressions
sailency detection- the standing out of unqe characteristcs that capture our attention
social categorisaton- a persons perceived social category e.g. sex, race age

33
Q

what is a cognitive bias

A

systematic errors in descision making that occurr when we attempt to simplify information

34
Q

what is a sterotype

A

a collection of beliefs about people who belong to a certain group regardless of the individual dofferences

35
Q

what is prejudice

A

holding a negative attitude towards members f a group based soley off their membership of said group

36
Q

what is an attitude

A

ideas and judgments we hold about ourselves others and experiences

37
Q

what is the tricompenent model

A

the tricomponent model is a way of explaining how our attitudes form: it is made up of three components behaviour, cogintive and affective

38
Q

what are limitations of the tri

A

some limitations are that it does does sow the strength of an attitude and it is said that all three components need to align to form an attitude

39
Q

what is cognitive dissonacne

A

the psychological discomoft we feel when the components of the model dont align leading us to changes some of the components to align

40
Q

what is an ingroup and what is an out group

A

in group- any group an individual belongs to or identifies with
out-group - any group and individual does not belong to or identify with

41
Q

what are some ways to reduce prejudice in groups

A

intergorup contact- spending time together hep recognise shared values
sustained contact- spending long periods of time together cooperating to acheive a goal
super oordinate goal- shared goals that can only be acheived with each other
mutual interdeendancce- group has to rely on each other to acheive their own goals
equality of status- members of a group work together where everyone has equal status
change social norms- reduce harmful negative standards in our society

42
Q

what is depth perception

A

the ability to see 3d soace and judge distance using environmental cues

43
Q

what are depth cues- biological factors of depth perception

A

variety of internal and external stimuli or processes that inform us of an objects depth or distance

44
Q

what are the binocular and monocular depth cues

A

binocluar- retinal disparity- fuses images from both eyes together any differences provide information on depth
convergence- eye move inwards as an object gets closer to us to maintain focus
monocular depth cues- accomodation- when the eye lens changesshape depening on disatnce- when close lens is rounded when further away lens flattens

45
Q

what is a pictorial cue

A

monocular cues that reate the impression of depth and distance on a flat 2d surface (linear perspective, interpositional overlap, texture gradient, relaive size, height in the visual feild)

46
Q

what are visual perception princples-psychological factors of depth perception

A

rules the brain applies to organise and interpert visual stimul meaningfully

47
Q

what are gestalt principles

A

rules used to organse and seperate elements into a meanigful pattern (figure-ground, closure, similarity, proximity)

48
Q

what are visual constancies

A

ability to veiw objects as unchanging in terms of size, shape, brightness and orientation even when what we see dfferes

49
Q

other psychological and social factors of visual perception

A

psych context, motivation, past expirence and memory
social- culture- the way we writes our language

50
Q

what is attention

A

our ability to focus awarness on stimuli it can be volutary or involuntary

51
Q

what are the types of attention

A

sustained attention, divided attention, selective attention

52
Q

what is gustatory or taste perception

A

the sensory expirence of putting food in our mouth and percepiving it as flavour

53
Q

what are gustatory recptors

A

proteins on our taste buds that detect chemicals in food transduce them and send them to the brain for interpretation

54
Q

what are the biological factors of gustatory perception

A

genes- the amount of taste buds we have
age- the loss of taste buds as we age

55
Q

what are the psychological facyors of taste

A

memory, past expirence, packaging (colour texture weight), appearance (if colour doesnt match expectations we may perceive flavour differently)

56
Q

social factors of taste

A

culture- different cultures eat different foods, values and beleifs attached to foods

57
Q

what is perception

A

the process of selecting organising and interperating sensory information, it is different for everyone

58
Q

what is a supertatser

A

a supertaster is someone born with more taste buds and taste receptors making them more sensitive to foods and flavours

59
Q

what is miraculin

A

a substance that distorts taste perception found in a miracle berry that turns sour food to sweet

60
Q

explain the miraculin process

A

invested and binds to sweet receptors- acidic food triggers a cellular response activating sweet recptors- neural impulses are sent to brain and the flavour is interperated as sweet

61
Q

what is spatial neglect

A

the failure to pay attention to recognise or respond to one side of the body or visual field. it is usually cause by damage to the right parietal lobe

62
Q

what is syneathesia

A

a neurological conditon where info from one sense is involuntary expirenced by other senses. it is genetic and a result of failure to prune excess neurons

63
Q

what is a cv

A

afets both variables

64
Q

what is an ev

A

a variable not being investigated that can affect the outcome

65
Q

what is a controlled expirment

A

the manipulation of a variable to determine the affect it has

66
Q

what is a between subjects design

A

participants are allocated to different groups

67
Q

what is a within subjects design

A

participants are exposed to both the control and changed variable

68
Q

what is internal and external validity

A

internal- the expirment investigates what it should does not deviate from the truth
external- results can be applied to similar individuals in a different setting

69
Q

what are the types of sampling

A

conveinience, random (not always good as it may not represent everyone), stratified (same proportion of people from each status

70
Q

what is cte

A

a degenerative brain disease that is progressive and caused by multiple injuries/concussions to the head. symptoms get worse with time. cause when by atrophy. can be seen through higher levels of tau. only diagnosable after death

71
Q

what are the different biases

A

anchoring, confirmation, false consensus, functional fixedness, halo effect, hindsight, missinformation affect, selfserving bias, attentional bias, optimism bias, dunning kruger affect

psychology 2024 (11 decks)

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