key sience skills Flashcards
what is the population
entire group of people that is of interest to a researcher
what is the sample
group of participants selected to participate in study from a population of interest
what are the sampling techniques
random, convenience, stratified
what is random sampling
uses chance so every member of the population has equal chance of being selected
what is stratified sampling
a sample contains same proportions of from each strata that exists in the population
what is convenience sampling
what are the elements of a hypothesis
IV, Population, Obvious direction, DV (IPOD)
what is an aim
broad statement about what you intend to investigate
what are the tyes of variables
Independent (IV), Dependent (DV), Controlled Variable, Extraneous (EV), Confounding (CV)
what is a controlled variable
researcher holds constant to prevent it from affecting the dv
what is the dependent variable
the one we measure
what is the independant variable
the one we change
what is a confounding variable
has affected the dv
what is a extraneous variable
might affect the dv
what is a case study
detailed investigation into one instance overtime
what is a controlled expirment
experimental manipulation f a variable to determine it effect
what is a correlation study
non experimental investigation of relationship between variables
what is fieldwork
observing and interacting with beyond the classroom
what is a literature review
report produced by reading scientific research
what is a within subjects design
each participant is exposed to both the experimental and control group
what is a between subjects design
participants are allocated to differnet groups
what is a mixed design
combines between and within
what is a random error
unpredictable result that occur during measurement - affects precision
what is a systematic error
consistent variations in measurement process - affects accuracy
what is a personal error
mistakes, miscalculation, observer errors = exclude from report
what is an uncertainty
lack of knowledge of the true value of measurements
what is an outlier
a data point that differs from the rest of collected data
what is accuracy
closeness to true value
what is precision
do sets of values agree with eachother
what is the internal validity
it investigates what is sets out to
- appropriate design, sampling techniques and is impacted by variables
what is the external validity
results can be applies to similar individuals in a different setting
- broad inclusion criteria and sampling of population to resemble general population
what is the mean median and mode
mean = average (affected by outliers)
median=middle
mode=most common
what is reproducibility
different conditions similar results
what are the ethical concepts
beneficence, integrity, respect, non maleficence, justice
what are the ethicl guidelines
confidentiality, informed consent, voluntary participation, deception, withdrawal, debriefing
what is justice
fair distribution of benefits, risks, costs and recourses
what is non maleficence
avoids harm and ensure good outweighs the bad
what is beneficence
commitment to do good and minimize risk
what is integrity
acting with honesty and transparency
what is respect
regarding individual differences and ensuring the right to autonomy and choice
what is repeatability
same conditions of measurement and same techniques
what are the strengths of within subjects
- Only requires small samples
- Statistically powerful
- Removes the effects of individual differences on the outcomes
what are the weaknesses of within subjects
- Internal validity threats reduce the likelihood of establishing a direct relationship between variables
- Time-related effects, such as growth, can influence the outcomes
- Carryover effects mean that the specific order of different treatments affect the outcomes
what are the strengths of between subjects
- Prevents carryover effects of learning and fatigue.
- Shorter study duration.
what are the weaknesses of between subjects
- Needs larger samples for high power.
- Uses more resources to recruit participants, administer sessions, cover costs, etc.
- Individual differences may be an alternative explanation for results.
what are the strengths of a mixed design
more complete understanding, corroborate results, compare multiple levels, engaging for researchers.
what are the weaknesses of a mixed design
complexity in combining data, limited resources, ethical considerations, time-consuming data collection and analysis.
