key sience skills

Question 1

what is the population

Answer 1

entire group of people that is of interest to a researcher

Question 2

what is the sample

Answer 2

group of participants selected to participate in study from a population of interest

Question 3

what are the sampling techniques

Answer 3

random, convenience, stratified

Question 4

what is random sampling

Answer 4

uses chance so every member of the population has equal chance of being selected

Question 5

what is stratified sampling

Answer 5

a sample contains same proportions of from each strata that exists in the population

Question 6

what is convenience sampling

Question 7

what are the elements of a hypothesis

Answer 7

IV, Population, Obvious direction, DV (IPOD)

Question 8

what is an aim

Answer 8

broad statement about what you intend to investigate

Question 9

what are the tyes of variables

Answer 9

Independent (IV), Dependent (DV), Controlled Variable, Extraneous (EV), Confounding (CV)

Question 10

what is a controlled variable

Answer 10

researcher holds constant to prevent it from affecting the dv

Question 11

what is the dependent variable

Answer 11

the one we measure

Question 12

what is the independant variable

Answer 12

the one we change

Question 13

what is a confounding variable

Answer 13

has affected the dv

Question 14

what is a extraneous variable

Answer 14

might affect the dv

Question 15

what is a case study

Answer 15

detailed investigation into one instance overtime

Question 16

what is a controlled expirment

Answer 16

experimental manipulation f a variable to determine it effect

Question 17

what is a correlation study

Answer 17

non experimental investigation of relationship between variables

Question 18

what is fieldwork

Answer 18

observing and interacting with beyond the classroom

Question 19

what is a literature review

Answer 19

report produced by reading scientific research

Question 20

what is a within subjects design

Answer 20

each participant is exposed to both the experimental and control group

Question 21

what is a between subjects design

Answer 21

participants are allocated to differnet groups

Question 22

what is a mixed design

Answer 22

combines between and within

Question 23

what is a random error

Answer 23

unpredictable result that occur during measurement - affects precision

Question 24

what is a systematic error

Answer 24

consistent variations in measurement process - affects accuracy

Question 25

what is a personal error

Answer 25

mistakes, miscalculation, observer errors = exclude from report

Question 26

what is an uncertainty

Answer 26

lack of knowledge of the true value of measurements

Question 27

what is an outlier

Answer 27

a data point that differs from the rest of collected data

Question 28

what is accuracy

Answer 28

closeness to true value

Question 29

what is precision

Answer 29

do sets of values agree with eachother

Question 30

what is the internal validity

Answer 30

it investigates what is sets out to - appropriate design, sampling techniques and is impacted by variables

Question 31

what is the external validity

Answer 31

results can be applies to **similar individuals** in a **different setting** - broad inclusion criteria and sampling of population to resemble general population

Question 32

what is the mean median and mode

Answer 32

mean = average (affected by outliers) median=middle mode=most common

Question 33

what is reproducibility

Answer 33

different conditions similar results

Question 34

what are the ethical concepts

Answer 34

beneficence, integrity, respect, non maleficence, justice

Question 35

what are the ethicl guidelines

Answer 35

confidentiality, informed consent, voluntary participation, deception, withdrawal, debriefing

Question 36

what is justice

Answer 36

fair distribution of benefits, risks, costs and recourses

Question 37

what is non maleficence

Answer 37

avoids harm and ensure good outweighs the bad

Question 38

what is beneficence

Answer 38

commitment to do good and minimize risk

Question 39

what is integrity

Answer 39

acting with honesty and transparency

Question 40

what is respect

Answer 40

regarding individual differences and ensuring the right to autonomy and choice

Question 41

what is repeatability

Answer 41

same conditions of measurement and same techniques

Question 42

what are the strengths of within subjects

Answer 42

- Only requires small samples - Statistically powerful - Removes the effects of individual differences on the outcomes

Question 43

what are the weaknesses of within subjects

Answer 43

- Internal validity threats reduce the likelihood of establishing a direct relationship between variables - Time-related effects, such as growth, can influence the outcomes - Carryover effects mean that the specific order of different treatments affect the outcomes

Question 44

what are the strengths of between subjects

Answer 44

- Prevents carryover effects of learning and fatigue. - Shorter study duration.

Question 45

what are the weaknesses of between subjects

Answer 45

- Needs larger samples for high power. - Uses more resources to recruit participants, administer sessions, cover costs, etc. - Individual differences may be an alternative explanation for results.

Question 46

what are the strengths of a mixed design

Answer 46

more complete understanding, corroborate results, compare multiple levels, engaging for researchers.

Question 47

what are the weaknesses of a mixed design

Answer 47

complexity in combining data, limited resources, ethical considerations, time-consuming data collection and analysis.