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pyschology > UNIT 3 AOS 1 PSYCHOLOGY > Flashcards

UNIT 3 AOS 1 PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A
  • Central Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
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2
Q

General role of nervous system: (RPC)

A

Receive, process, co-ordinate a response.

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3
Q

CENTRAL + PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS: What do they do?

A

Way we process + respond to information (controlled by systems)

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4
Q

Central nervous system: consists of?

A

Brain (emotions) + spinal cord (things moving in and out to coordinate)

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system:

A

Everything beyond the brain + spinal cord

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system: functions

A

Regulates essential bodily functions for survival like digestion

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7
Q

Central nervous system: functions

A
  • Receives sensory information from PNS
  • Processes information
  • Sends motor information to PNS, coordinate a response to information.
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8
Q

Central nervous system: communication around the body through =

A

Neurons (100 billion in the brain)

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9
Q

Brain responsibility for central nervous system: (responsible for)

A
  • Vital body functions (breathing, heart rate)
  • Receiving information (via senses)
  • Higher order functions (thinking, planning, etc.)
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10
Q

Spinal cord responsibility in central nervous system:

A

Sensory messages to brain (speed), takes motor messages back

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11
Q

What is the spinal cord?:

A

Cable-like column of nerve fibres that extends from the base of the brain to the lower back.

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12
Q

Peripheral nervous system function:

A
  • Sends sensory information to the CNS
  • Receives motor information from the CNS
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13
Q

Parts in the peripheral nervous system:

A
  • Muscles
  • Organs
  • Glands
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14
Q

Nervous systems in Peripheral nervous system:

A
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
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15
Q

Somatic nervous system: functions

A

Neurons within the body transmit information from receptor sites to the CNS, carry information to the muscles to initiate voluntary/conscious movement

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16
Q

Nervous systems in Autonomic nervous system:

A

Parasympathetic + sympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

Sympathetic nervous system: functions

A

Prepares the body for action, dealing with potential threat. Activates ‘fight-flight-freeze’ response

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18
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system:

A

Returns the body to a state of calm following heightened arousal (homeostasis)

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19
Q

Symptoms of sympathetic nervous system:

A
  • Pupils dilate
  • Accelerated heartbeat
  • Inhibits digestion
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20
Q

Symptoms of parasympathetic nervous system:

A
  • Contracts pupils
  • Slows heartbeat
  • Stimulates digestion
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21
Q

What are neurons:

A

‘Building blocks’ of the nervous system, communicates information around the body

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22
Q

Types of neurons:

A

Motor neurons, sensory neuron, interneuron

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23
Q

Role of neurons:

A

Reception and transmission of information throughout the nervous system

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24
Q

Forms of transmission of neural messages:

A

Electrical + chemical signals

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25
Q

Sensory neurons: (afferent neurons)

A
  • Transmit sensory information from your body to your brain
  • Done via afferent pathways
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26
Q

Motor neurons: (efferent neurons)

A
  • Transmit motor information from your brain to your body
  • Done via efferent pathways
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27
Q

Interneurons:

A
  • Transmit information between sensory and motor neurons
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28
Q

Conscious awareness: examples

A

Talking, walking, waving

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29
Q

Unconscious awareness:

A

breathing, stomach contractions

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30
Q

Neuron components:

A

Dendrite, Soma, Axon, Myelin Sheath, Axon Terminals, Terminal Buttons

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31
Q

Dendrite functions:

A

Receives incoming neuron messages

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32
Q

Soma functions:

A

Body of the neuron, contains nucleus with genetic material for the neuron

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33
Q

Axon functions:

A

Pathway down neural message travels

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34
Q

Myelin sheath functions:

A

Fatty tissue that encases the axon to aid in speed of transmission

35
Q

Axon terminals functions:

A

Exit pathways for neural messages to make their way to the next neuron

36
Q

Terminal button functions:

A

Releases neurotransmitter to receiving neuron for communication purposes

37
Q

Role of neurotransmitters:

A

Chemical substance released by the terminal button for neural communication

38
Q

Neurotransmitters effects:

A

Excitatory and inhibitory effects

39
Q

Excitatory effects:

A

Increasing the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

40
Q

Inhibitory effects:

A

Decreasing the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

41
Q

Role of neuromodulators:

A
  • Work together with neurotransmitters to enhance inhibitory and excitatory effects, creates more widespread impacts
  • Enhancing signal transmission
42
Q

Dopamine:

A

Neuromodulator (drive, motivation, motor movement)

43
Q

Serotonin:

A

Neuromodulator (mood stabilizer, happiness, metabolism)

44
Q

How neurotransmitters and neuromodulators work together:

A

Enhance our function, exacerbate negative impacts

45
Q

Types of plasticity:

A

Neuroplasticity, synaptic plasticity, brain plasticity.

46
Q

Long-term potentiation:

A

Increase in synaptic strength through high frequency stimulation of the neural pathway

47
Q

Long-term depression:

A

Reduction of the efficiency of synaptic connections

48
Q

Neuroplasticity:

A

Brain’s ability to change itself as a result of experience

49
Q

Types of neuroplasticity:

A

Developmental, adaptive

50
Q

Synaptic plasticity:

A

Ability of synaptic connections to change overtime in response to experience

51
Q

Brain plasticity:

A

Enables faster response times

52
Q

Neural process:

A

Proliferation > migration > circuit formation > circuit pruning > myelination

53
Q

Proliferation:

A

making more neurons, enhance and create neurons

54
Q

Migration:

A

moving neurons to areas needed the most

55
Q

Circuit formation:

A

creation of synapse, (if strong, they would myelinate the synapse, if not it is pruned)

56
Q

Circuit pruning:

A
57
Q

Myelination:

A
58
Q

Synaptic plasticity: neural processes:

A

sprouting rerouting, pruning

59
Q

Sprouting:

A

creation of new connections between neurons

60
Q

Rerouting:

A

re-establishing neural connections by creating alternative pathways

61
Q

Pruning:

A

removing old neural connections that are not activated

62
Q

Stress:

A

Psychological + physiological state of tension in response to a stimulus

63
Q

Types of stress:

A

Eustress, distress, acute stress, chronic stress

64
Q

Eustress:

A

Positive stress. Enhances performance, experience, and memory

65
Q

Distress:

A

Negative stress. Limits performance, unable to think clearly.

66
Q

Acute stress:

A

happens for a short period of time (upcoming SAC stress, etc.)

67
Q

Chronic stress:

A

happens for a long period of time (impact to living, resources depleted, etc.)

68
Q

Stressors:

A

Internal + external stressors

69
Q

Internal stressors:

A

physiological or psychological

70
Q

External stressors:

A

result of daily pressures/life events

71
Q

Examples of internal stressors:

A

Hunger, illness, low self-esteem

72
Q

Examples of external stressors:

A

overworking, upcoming exam, relationship conflicts

73
Q

Examples of physiological stress responses:

A

Headaches, heart palpitations, heart attack

74
Q

Examples of psychological stress responses:

A

Behavioural: eating habits, changes to sleep

Emotional: irritability, aggression

Cognitive: Decreased concentration, memory impairment

75
Q

Factors that influence stress:

A
  • Optimism v pessimism
  • Risk-taking + challenges
76
Q

Elements of the transactional model:

A

Primary appraisal: individual’s assessment of the situation

Secondary appraisal: individual’s assessment of the available resources to deal with demands

77
Q

Strengths of the transactional model:

A

Responds to changes in an individuals response through the reappraisal stage, explains why differences can occur within an individuals response to situations

78
Q

Limitations of the transactional model:

A

Lack of empirical evidence, due to the subjective nature of data collected

Overlap between primary and secondary appraisal stages, less discrete and reoccur more simultaneously than the model suggests

79
Q

The gut-brain axis:

A

Bidirectional connection between the gut and the brain through multiple parts of the nervous system.

80
Q

Continuous development:

A

Gradual, ongoing process of change

81
Q

Discontinuous development:

A

Process that involves several stages, different abilities in each stage.

82
Q

Psychological development:

A

Changes that occur in our minds over our lifespans from birth to death. (Thoughts, feelings)

83
Q

SAME:

A

sensory = afferent
motor = efferent

pyschology (6 decks)

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