UNIT 2 Flashcards
AOS I
Person perception
mental processes to form impressions of others. (directly/indirectly)
First impressions
snap judgements though easy accessible perceptual information.
Attributions:
People explaining their own/others behaviour.
Internal attribution:
Judge behaviour based on psychological state.
External attribution:
Judge behaviour resulting from situational factors. (Environment, task, etc.)
Fundamental attribution error:
Tendency to explain others behaviours in terms of internal factors and ignoring external factors.
Attitudes:
Evaluation of a person, object, event.
Criteria for attitude formation:
Evaluation of something, settled and stable, learnt through experience.
Tri-component model of attitudes:
Affective, behavioural, cognitive.
Stereotypes:
Widely-held belief and generalization on a group.
Stereotypes impact:
Decision-making, interpersonal interactions.
Cognitive dissonance:
Psychological tension when thoughts, feelings, behaviour do not align with one another.
Cognitive biases:
Unconscious systematic tendencies to interpret information that is not rational or based on objective reality.
Heuristics:
Information-processing strategy that enable to form judgements, make decisions and solve problems quickly.
Algorithms:
systematic mental procedures that give a correct solution to a problem.
Anchoring heuristics:
Forms judgements based on first information received.
Representative heuristics:
Makes categorical judgements about an idea, event of person based on similarity to other things in same category.
Stigma:
Negative attitude against someone based on characteristics.
Types of stigma:
Social stigma, self-stigma.
Social stigma:
Define others and prevent from being seen as a person.
Self-stigma:
Poor self-efficacy and self-esteem.
Prejudice:
Negative preconceptions about others within a group.
Stereotypes:
Thoughts we have about people.
Discrimination:
Unjust treatment of others due to their involvement within a social category.
Types of discrimination:
Direct discrimination, Indirect discrimination.
Direct discrimination:
Someone is treated unfairly based on association within a group.
Indirect discrimination:
When a rule applies to all, and disadvantages a group.
Mental well-being:
A persons psychological state, with an ability to think, process information, regulate emotions.
Positive factors of mental well-being:
Nutrition, hydration, exercise.
Negative factors of mental well-being:
Rumination, substances abuse.
Influence on well-being:
Damaged self-image, experience stress, rumination.
Reducing prejudice and discrimination:
Education, inter-group contact, social media, laws.
Intergroup contact:
Reduced through conversation, open discussions, asking questions and listening can help better understand others experiences.
