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pyschology > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

AOS 2

1
Q

Brain regions

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, cerebral cortex

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2
Q

Hindbrain

(Regulation, survival, coordinate)

A

(Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons)
* Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
* Survival functions
* Coordination of muscle movement

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3
Q

Cerebellum

(Voluntary + speech & vision)

A

involved with voluntary movements, and balance, associated with speech/vision.

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4
Q

Medulla oblongata

(Autonomic)

A

Controls autonomic functions of body (heart-rate, breathing, blood pressure).

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5
Q

Pons

A

Involved in sleep, arousal, and facial expressions. Transmitting information between different brain areas.

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6
Q

Midbrain

A

(Substantia nigra, reticular formation).
* Relaying messages
* Filtering sensory information

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7
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Largest collections of dopamine-producing neurons (neurotransmitter involved with movement)

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8
Q

Reticular formation

A

Filter neural information to brain, integrate neural information relating to survival functions, regulate sleep, and consciousness.

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9
Q

Forebrain

A

(Hypothalamus, thamalus, cerebrum.)
* Complex mental processes
* Attention
* Filtering sensory information
* Maintaining homeostasis

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10
Q

Hypothalamus

A

connecting the hormonal and nervous system. Relay information to relevant sections of cerebral cortex.

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11
Q

Cerebrum

A

Directing the conscious motor activities of the body, receiving and processing sensory information.

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12
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Left hemisphere receives sensory information from right side of body and movement. Right hemisphere controls left side of body and movement.

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13
Q

Lobes of the brain

A

FPOT (Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal)

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14
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Voluntary movement, problem-solving, planning, personality.

Cortexes + Broca’s area

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15
Q

Primary motor cortex

(Skeletal, voluntary)

A

Messages to skeletal muscles, initiates voluntary movements.

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16
Q

Broca’s area (mouth)

A

Coordinating muscle movements to produce fluent speech, vocal cord movements.

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17
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Receiving and processing touch information, spatial awareness.

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18
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Process sensory information from bodily areas (fingers, hands).

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19
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual information.

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20
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

visual sensory receptors in eyes.

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21
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auditory information, memory, facial recognition.

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22
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Identifying sound with different parts of the cortex (responding to different types of sound, high/low pitch.)

left cerebral hemisphere processes verbal sounds, such as spoken words.

right cerebral hemisphere processes non-verbal sounds, such as music.

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23
Q

Maintaining and maximizing brain function

A

Mental stimulation, diet, physical activity, social support.

24
Q

Acquired brain injury

A

Result of damage to brain that occurs after birth. Causes include physical activity, disease.

25
Q

Traumatic brain injury

(external)

A

Damage by external force (falls, assaults, vehicle accidents)

26
Q

Non-traumatic brain injury

A

Damage by internal factors (stroke, aneurysm)

27
Q

Biological injuries

A

Changes to the function of organs and neurons.
(Impaired sensory functioning, muscle weakness, headaches, fatigue, chronic pain.)

28
Q

Psychological injuries

A

Changes to thoughts, feelings and behaviour.
(Memory loss, slow, poor attention, reduced ability to plan/organize.)

29
Q

Social injuries

A

Changes to interpersonal skills and interactions with others. (Impaired social skills, ability to communicate with others.)

30
Q

Neurological disorders

A

Diseases characterized malfunctioning of the nervous system.

31
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

neurodegenerative disease (Loss of neurons responsible for producing dopamine in the substantia nigra).

Symptoms:
* Tremors
* Reduced motor control
* Muscle stiffness
* Problems with cognition
* Fatigue
* Depression and anxiety

32
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

ability of the brain to change its structure in response to experience or environmental stimulation.

33
Q

CTE (Chronic traumatic encephalopathy):

A

Neurodegenerative disease
Fatal brain disease linked with repeated exposure to mild traumatic brain injuries

34
Q

Causes of CTE

A

Contact sport, serving in the army, domestic violence.

35
Q

Symptoms of CTE

A

Cognitive impairments, impulsivity, aggression, dementia.

36
Q

Diagnosis of CTE

A

Post-mortem examination, role of ‘brain banks’.

37
Q

Machine learning

A

More accurate way of diagnosing disorders than human diagnosis

38
Q

Neurodegenerative diseases

A

Disease: cells of CNS stop working or die

Examples:
Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, CTE

39
Q

Two key processes of adaptive plasticity

A

sprouting and rerouting.

40
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A
  • logic and reasoning
  • personality
  • symbolic thought
41
Q

Premotor cortex

(Sequence)

A

sequence of movements info sent to frontal lobe.

42
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Comprehension of speech, enabling the understanding of spoken language.

43
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter responsible for the coordination of voluntary movement.

44
Q

Piaget’s theory:

A

cognitive development among children.

45
Q

Hereditary factors:

A

influence development, genetically passed down from biological parents.
Born with genetic predisposition to certain personality traits.

46
Q

Environmental factors:

A

Physical or social surroundings that influence development.

47
Q

Cognitive development:

A

Development of mental processes becoming abstract over lifespan.

48
Q

Sensorimotor:

A

0-2 years, object permanence, goal directed behaviour.

49
Q

Preoperational:

A

2-7 years, egocentrism, animism, centralation.

50
Q

Concrete operational:

A

7-12 years, conservation, classification.

51
Q

Formal operational:

A

12+ years, abstract thought, use of reason and logic.

52
Q

Social development:

(Active, interact)

A

Active learning of behaviors that enable us to interact with others.

53
Q

Neurodiversity:

A

Everyone has a unique nervous system with its own combination of abilities and needs.

54
Q

Autism:

A

Deficits in social communication, interaction and non-verbal communication.

55
Q

Processes of neuroplasticity with brain trauma:

A

Rerouting, sprouting.

56
Q

Neurodiversity ADHD:

A

Neurodevelopmental disorder that affect some aspects of brain function. Inattention, distractibility, hyperactivity, impulsivity.

pyschology (6 decks)

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