UNIT 1 Flashcards
AOS 2
Brain regions
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, cerebral cortex
Hindbrain
(Regulation, survival, coordinate)
(Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons)
* Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
* Survival functions
* Coordination of muscle movement
Cerebellum
(Voluntary + speech & vision)
involved with voluntary movements, and balance, associated with speech/vision.
Medulla oblongata
(Autonomic)
Controls autonomic functions of body (heart-rate, breathing, blood pressure).
Pons
Involved in sleep, arousal, and facial expressions. Transmitting information between different brain areas.
Midbrain
(Substantia nigra, reticular formation).
* Relaying messages
* Filtering sensory information
Substantia nigra
Largest collections of dopamine-producing neurons (neurotransmitter involved with movement)
Reticular formation
Filter neural information to brain, integrate neural information relating to survival functions, regulate sleep, and consciousness.
Forebrain
(Hypothalamus, thamalus, cerebrum.)
* Complex mental processes
* Attention
* Filtering sensory information
* Maintaining homeostasis
Hypothalamus
connecting the hormonal and nervous system. Relay information to relevant sections of cerebral cortex.
Cerebrum
Directing the conscious motor activities of the body, receiving and processing sensory information.
Cerebral hemispheres
Left hemisphere receives sensory information from right side of body and movement. Right hemisphere controls left side of body and movement.
Lobes of the brain
FPOT (Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal)
Frontal lobe
Voluntary movement, problem-solving, planning, personality.
Cortexes + Broca’s area
Primary motor cortex
(Skeletal, voluntary)
Messages to skeletal muscles, initiates voluntary movements.
Broca’s area (mouth)
Coordinating muscle movements to produce fluent speech, vocal cord movements.
Parietal lobe
Receiving and processing touch information, spatial awareness.
Primary somatosensory cortex
Process sensory information from bodily areas (fingers, hands).
Occipital lobe
visual information.
Primary visual cortex
visual sensory receptors in eyes.
Temporal lobe
auditory information, memory, facial recognition.
Primary auditory cortex
Identifying sound with different parts of the cortex (responding to different types of sound, high/low pitch.)
left cerebral hemisphere processes verbal sounds, such as spoken words.
right cerebral hemisphere processes non-verbal sounds, such as music.
Maintaining and maximizing brain function
Mental stimulation, diet, physical activity, social support.
Acquired brain injury
Result of damage to brain that occurs after birth. Causes include physical activity, disease.
Traumatic brain injury
(external)
Damage by external force (falls, assaults, vehicle accidents)
Non-traumatic brain injury
Damage by internal factors (stroke, aneurysm)
Biological injuries
Changes to the function of organs and neurons.
(Impaired sensory functioning, muscle weakness, headaches, fatigue, chronic pain.)
Psychological injuries
Changes to thoughts, feelings and behaviour.
(Memory loss, slow, poor attention, reduced ability to plan/organize.)
Social injuries
Changes to interpersonal skills and interactions with others. (Impaired social skills, ability to communicate with others.)
Neurological disorders
Diseases characterized malfunctioning of the nervous system.
Parkinson’s disease
neurodegenerative disease (Loss of neurons responsible for producing dopamine in the substantia nigra).
Symptoms:
* Tremors
* Reduced motor control
* Muscle stiffness
* Problems with cognition
* Fatigue
* Depression and anxiety
Neuroplasticity
ability of the brain to change its structure in response to experience or environmental stimulation.
CTE (Chronic traumatic encephalopathy):
Neurodegenerative disease
Fatal brain disease linked with repeated exposure to mild traumatic brain injuries
Causes of CTE
Contact sport, serving in the army, domestic violence.
Symptoms of CTE
Cognitive impairments, impulsivity, aggression, dementia.
Diagnosis of CTE
Post-mortem examination, role of ‘brain banks’.
Machine learning
More accurate way of diagnosing disorders than human diagnosis
Neurodegenerative diseases
Disease: cells of CNS stop working or die
Examples:
Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, CTE
Two key processes of adaptive plasticity
sprouting and rerouting.
Prefrontal cortex
- logic and reasoning
- personality
- symbolic thought
Premotor cortex
(Sequence)
sequence of movements info sent to frontal lobe.
Wernicke’s area
Comprehension of speech, enabling the understanding of spoken language.
Dopamine
neurotransmitter responsible for the coordination of voluntary movement.
Piaget’s theory:
cognitive development among children.
Hereditary factors:
influence development, genetically passed down from biological parents.
Born with genetic predisposition to certain personality traits.
Environmental factors:
Physical or social surroundings that influence development.
Cognitive development:
Development of mental processes becoming abstract over lifespan.
Sensorimotor:
0-2 years, object permanence, goal directed behaviour.
Preoperational:
2-7 years, egocentrism, animism, centralation.
Concrete operational:
7-12 years, conservation, classification.
Formal operational:
12+ years, abstract thought, use of reason and logic.
Social development:
(Active, interact)
Active learning of behaviors that enable us to interact with others.
Neurodiversity:
Everyone has a unique nervous system with its own combination of abilities and needs.
Autism:
Deficits in social communication, interaction and non-verbal communication.
Processes of neuroplasticity with brain trauma:
Rerouting, sprouting.
Neurodiversity ADHD:
Neurodevelopmental disorder that affect some aspects of brain function. Inattention, distractibility, hyperactivity, impulsivity.
