Unit 3 AOS 1: Chapter 1, 2 + 3 Flashcards
Burden of disease
- A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries
- Measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability
- Measured in DALY’s
YLD (Years lost due to disability)
The number of healthy years lost due to disease, illness or injury
YLL (Years of life lost)
Years of life lost due to premature death
Disability adjusted life year (DALY)
- A measure of burden of disease
- One DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease and injury
Life expectancy
- An indication of how long a person can expect to live
- It is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change
Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
- Measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth but includes an adjustment for time spent in poor health
- It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality
Morbidity
Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group
Mortality rate
The number of deaths over a period of time
Prevalence
The number of cases of a particular disease in a population at a given time
Incidence
The rate at which a particular disease occurs over a period of time
Health status
- An individuals or populations overall health
- Takes into account aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factor
Under-five mortality rate
The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births
What do low SES groups experience and why?
- Higher rates of morbidity; poorer, less nutritious diet
- Higher rates of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer; more likely to smoke
- Higher rates of suicide; higher rates of unemployment
Difference between health status of Indigenous and Non-indigenous Australians
- Life expectancy for Indigenous Australians is much lower
- Higher rates of Morbidity
- More likely to smoke tobacco causing low birth weight
- More likely to be insulin resistant causing type 2 diabetes
Rural and remote populations
- Lower levels of food security as they have reduced access to fresh, nutritious food
- Reduced access to health care facilities which can cause increase in illness
- Lower socioeconomic status
- Higher levels of obesity which can cause cardiovascular disease due to high blood cholesterol
- Higher rates of smoking
Differences between Males and Females
- Life expectancy lower for males compared to females: 84 and 80
- Males have higher rates of suicide as they may not deem it appropriate to display emotions or talk about their problems
- Males have higher rates of obesity which means more likely to get cardiovascular disease
- Males have higher rates of risk taking behaviour e.g. speeding
- Higher rates of smoking causing cancer
- Males more likely to be exposed to a riskier workplace environment e.g. machinery, UV, chemicals
Determinants of health
- Factors that raise or lower level of health in an individual or population
- Explain or predict trends in health or why some groups have better or worse health than others
- Can be classified as biological, behavioural, physical environment and social
Risk factor
- Increase the chance of developing a disease, illness or injury
Protective factor
- Helps guard against or reduce the risk of getting a disease, illness or injury
Biological determinants
- Things relating to the body that impact on health
e.g.
Genetics,
Hormones,
Body weight
Behavioural determinants
- Actions or patterns of living of an individual or group that impact on health
e.g.
Smoking,
Sexual activity,
Physical activity
Social determinants
- Aspects of society and social environment that impact on health
e.g.
Poverty,
Social networks,
Support
Physical environment
- Physical surroundings in which we live, work and play
e.g. Roads,
Air quality,
Workplace
Australia’s health status
- Regarded as a healthy country
- Majority enjoy good health
- Improved due to improved medical technology, health promotion strategies and immunisation programs
- Lifestyle diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Australia
Definition of health
Refers to a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Physical health
- Efficient functioning of the body and its systems
- Includes physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness
e. g. resist disease, have a healthy body weight
Social health
- Able to interact with others
- Participate in the community in both an independent and co-operative way
e. g. maintain relationships, make a positive contribution to society
Mental health
- State of wellbeing in which the individual realises his or her own abilities
- Can cope with normal stresses of life
- Work productively and fruitfully
- Able to make a contribution to his/heir community
e. g. understand/express emotion, ability to solve problems
