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Year 12 Chemistry > Unit 3 AOS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a gas

A

a state of matter whereby the individual particles are widely spaced apart and are moving independently of another.

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2
Q

Are there intermolecular forces between gases?

A

Not in general

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3
Q

Why can gases be easily compressed?

A

This is due to low density of the gas, and as they are widely spaced

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4
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force of a gas on the walls of the vessel per unit surface area

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5
Q

Pressure equation

A

Pressure = force/area

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6
Q

Standard unit for pressure

A

Pascal (Pa)

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7
Q

How many kPa is in one atmosphere?

A

There are 101.3kPa (101 325 Pa) in one atm

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8
Q

How many mmHg is in one atmosphere?

A

There are 760mmHg in one atm

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9
Q

How many kPa is in one bar?

A

100kPa

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10
Q

Ideal gas equation

A

PV=nRT

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11
Q

Gas equation using m/M instead of mol

A

PV=mRT/M

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12
Q

Using gas equation to find m

A

m=PVM/RT

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13
Q

Charles’ Law

A

V/T is a constant value and V1/T2=V2/T2

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14
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

PV=C, where C is a constant value and P1V1=P2V2

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15
Q

Charles’ Law and Boyle’s Law is combined to give the equation

A

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

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16
Q

What is the value of R + what are the units for R

A

8.31JK-1mol-1

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17
Q

Formula to find mole using volume and molar volume

A

n=V/Vm

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18
Q

What are STP conditions (pressure, temp and molar volume)?

A

pressure = 100kPa, temp = 0ºC and molar volume= 22.7Lmol-1

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19
Q

What are SLC conditions (pressure, temp and molar volume)?

A

pressure = 100kPa, temp = 25ºC, molar volume = 24.8Lmol-1

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20
Q

Chemical energy (enthalpy) definition

A

energy contained within the various electric forces within and between species.

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21
Q

Symbol for enthalpy

A

H

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22
Q

Change in enthalpy definition

A

the amount of energy released or absorbed in a chemical reaction. Denoted by the symbol delta H.

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23
Q

What unit is enthalpy measured in?

A

kJ mol-1

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24
Q

Two main categories of energy

A

kinetic energy, potential energy

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25
Q

Examples of kinetic energy

A

heat, sound, light, chemical and mechanical energy.

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26
Q

Examples of potential energy

A

gravitational, electrical, nuclear, elastic, magnetic, and chemical energy.

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27
Q

Activation energy definition

A

the minimum amount of energy required to commence a reaction

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28
Q

If the delta H is positive, then the reaction is (endothermic or exothermic):

A

endothermic

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29
Q

If the delta H is negative, then the reaction is (endothermic or exothermic):

A

exothermic

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30
Q

Exothermic equations definition

A

describes a chemical reaction in which energy is released to the surroundings.

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31
Q

Define a fuel

A

a substance that can be reacted with other substances, leading to the release of energy that can be harnessed for a specific purpose i.e. a chemical that has stored (potential) energy.

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32
Q

Renewable energy resource definition

A

can be replenished and replaced by natural processes within a relatively short period of time; consumed slower or equal rate than the rate at which it is produced

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33
Q

Renewable energy sources are…

A

sustainable

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34
Q

Biofuels are produced from…

A

living or recently deceased plants (or animals)

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35
Q

What is a secondary fuel + example

A

a fuel that is produced from another energy source. E.g. electricity.

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36
Q

Define carbon neutral

A

no net production/release of CO2 into atmosphere

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37
Q

How many kg is 1 tonne

A

1 tonne = 1000kg

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38
Q

Petroleum is…

A

viscous

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39
Q

How is coal produced

A

Coal is created from wood and other plants breaking down into organic matter. As it decomposes, the Carbon content increases and water is lost. Over time, the coal becomes peat, followed by brown coal and eventually black coal. As the coal develops further due to increased heat, time and pressure, the fuel quality also increases.

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40
Q

Dangers of fossil fuels (4)

A

global warming, destruction of habitats, contamination of water, oil spills

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41
Q

How coal seam gas is extracted

A

drill into ground, pump water to surface to cause reduction in pressure to allow methane to desorb from coal, coal is brought to surface

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42
Q

Examples of fossil fuels

A

coal, petroleum, natural gas

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43
Q

An explosion is endothermic/exothermic

A

exothermic

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44
Q

Crude oil can be broken down into (6)

A

liquified petroleum gas, petrol, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, hydrocarbons

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45
Q

Least to most energy content (4)

A

wood, black coal, petrol, natural gas

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46
Q

An explosion is endothermic/exothermic

A

exothermic

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47
Q

Comparing Biodiesel to petrodiesel (4)

A

1) biodiesel is more viscous, 2) petrodiesel produces more CO2/SO2/particulate emission but biodiesel produces more NOx, 3) biodiesel more environmentally friendly than petrol, 4) non toxic,

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48
Q

Biodiesel definition

A

A fuel produced from vegetable oil or animal fats and combined with an alcohol, usually methanol.

49
Q

Transesterification definition

A

The reaction between an ester of one alcohol and a second alcohol to form an ester of the second alcohol and an alcohol from the original ester

50
Q

Heat of vaporisation of water value

A

40.7kJ mol-1

51
Q

Heat of fusion of water value

A

6.02 kJ mol–1

52
Q

Unit for specific heat capacity

A

J/g/degree celsius

53
Q

Specific heat capacity of water value

A

4.18 J/g/degree celsius

54
Q

Efficiency of energy equation

A

energy in desired form/total energy

55
Q

Delta H equation

A

Delta H = H products - H reactants

56
Q

What is the term for when the delta H value is 0?

A

thermo-neutral

57
Q

How to find energy released/mol

A

E released/mol = deltaH/mol of element given

58
Q

Density formula

A

d=m/V

59
Q

Are fossil fuels carbon neutral

A

no

60
Q

What is a non-renewable resource that is carbon neutral

A

nuclear fission

61
Q

What are types of biofuels (4)

A

biomass, liquid fuels, biogas, wind turbines e.t.c.

62
Q

Example of biomass

A

wood

63
Q

How is biogas produced (specifically methane)?

A

methane is produced by bacteria breaking natural material

64
Q

Is methane or carbon dioxide more potent?

A

methane is more potent and difficult to remove from atmosphere

65
Q

How is bioethanol produced?

A

produced be fermentation of glucose molecules - biomass crops

66
Q

Does ethanol or petrol have a lower density?

A

ethanol

67
Q

Properties of ethanol (3)

A

clean burn, hygroscopic, corrosive

68
Q

How many mL in cm^3

A

1mL = 1cm3

69
Q

How many cm^3 in 1L

A

1L = 1000cm^3

70
Q

How many K for 1 degree C

A

1 degree C - 273K

71
Q

Define redox reaction

A

reactions that involve the transfer of one or more electrons between chemical species

72
Q

Reduction

A

reaction involving the gain of electrons

73
Q

Oxidation

A

reaction involving the loss of electrons

74
Q

Galvanic cell definition

A

a primary cell that uses a redox reaction to convert chemical energy to electrical energy

75
Q

Primary cell definition

A

a cell that converts chemical energy to electrical energy and cannot be recharged.

76
Q

Electrochemical series definition

A

a list of half cells in order of highest to lowest reducing strength.

77
Q

Voltmeter definition

A

a piece of equipment that measures the voltage through a circuit.

78
Q

Voltage definition

A

the potential difference between two half cells

79
Q

Reductant

A

chemical species that causes reduction but is itself oxidised.

80
Q

Oxidant

A

the chemical species that causes oxidation but is itself reduced.

81
Q

Standard electrode potential definition

A

the potential of a half cell to gain electrons.

82
Q

In a galvanic cell, electrons go from the …. to the …

A

anode to the cathode

83
Q

In a galvanic cell, the cathode end is… (oxidised or reduced):

A

reduced

84
Q

In a galvanic cell, the anode end is… (oxidised or reduced):

A

oxidised

85
Q

What is a dry cell?

A

an electrochemical cell in which the electrolyte is a paste, rather than a liquid

86
Q

Rules for oxidation numbers

A

group 1 = +1, group 2 = +2, F = -1, H = -1 unless in a metal in which it is +1, O = -2 unless in peroxide in which it is -1 and with F in which it is +2

87
Q

For oxidation, what happens to oxidation number?

A

It increases

88
Q

For reduction, what happens to oxidation number

A

it decreases

89
Q

Where is the strongest oxidant on the electrochemical series?

A

top left hand corner

90
Q

When asked to find redox reaction in acidic/basic conditions…

A

acidic is normal using H to balance, and basic means you put OH as products and H2O as reactants.

91
Q

In acidic conditions, what is produced by anode and used by cathode

A

H+ produced by anode, used by cathode

92
Q

What half cells are in the Leclanche cell?

A

zinc/carbon

93
Q

What half cells are in Daniell cell?

A

zinc and copper

94
Q

Types of primary cells (3)

A

dry cell, button cell, alkaline cell

95
Q

Types of secondary cells (2)

A

lithium ion, lead-acid

96
Q

What is involved in alkaline fuel cell?

A

hydrogen and oxygen

97
Q

Direct methanol fuel cell

A

pure methanol, easier to transport than hydrogen, hold charge better used for laptops/phones

98
Q

Advantages of fuel cells (3)

A

higher efficiency, portable, low pollution

99
Q

Disadvantages of fuel cells (1)

A

expensive

100
Q

Difference between galvanic cells and fuel cells (6)

A

fuel cells require enjoying supply of reactants while galvanic is definitive supply, fuel cell uses fuel while galvanic uses electrodes and ions, electrodes are separated but contained in same vessel for fuel but separate vessels for galvanic, electrodes are porous and contain catalysts for fuel but take part in reaction for galvanic, products are removed for fuel but products build up for galvanic primary, no salt bridge for fuel but there is for wet galvanic but not for dry cell,

101
Q

What are thermal power plants

A

devices that generate electricity and heat generated from a chemical (or nuclear) reaction. Main method for electricity.

102
Q

Are thermal power plants efficient

A

no, they are very inefficient

103
Q

Fuel cells compared to thermal power plants (5)

A

fuel cells are more efficient than combustion engines and thermal power plants, they lead to a lower production of greenhouse gases as they are more efficient - need less fuel to generate same amount of energy and therefore emit less CO2 per amount of energy generated, operate with minimal noise due to presence of fewer moving parts

104
Q

What are button cells?

A

Small, long-life cells used in devices such as calculators, hearing aids, pacemakers, cameras and watches

105
Q

Types of fuel cells (6)

A

AFC, PEMFC, PAFC, MCFC, SOFC, DMFC,

106
Q

AFC stands for

A

alkaline fuel cell

107
Q

PEMFC stands for

A

proton exchange membrane fuel cell

108
Q

PAFC

A

phosphoric acid fuel cell

109
Q

MCFC

A

molten carbonate fuel cell

110
Q

SOFC

A

solid oxide fuel cell

111
Q

DMFC

A

direct methanol fuel cell

112
Q

Faraday’s constant

A

96500C mol-1

113
Q

Rate of transfer of change

A

change transferred in C/time taken in s

114
Q

1 ampere = …

A

1 ampere = 1Cs-1

115
Q

What happens during recharging?

A

during recharge anode and cathode swap, polarity doesn’t change, electron flow from anode to cathode

116
Q

Discharging cell means…

A

not charging aka normal

117
Q

Efficiency of fuel cells vs fossil fuels

A

40-60% for fuel cells and 30-35% for fossil fuels

118
Q

Purpose of salt bridge

A

the salt bridge completes the electric circuit through providing a pathway for the movement of ions to balance charges that are being created or destroyed in the half cells. Cations from the salt bridge migrate towards the half cell that is losing positive charge and the anions migrate to the half cell that is developing a positive charge. In this manner, no charge accumulation occurs.

119
Q

In what conditions are gases “normal”

A

At high temperatures and low pressure

Year 12 Chemistry (7 decks)

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